Their roots grow about 3-4 feet deep, although it can vary depending on the soil type and conditions. In the case of the pygmy date palm tree, teasing out the roots is not good! ", So, you are thinking of planting pigmy date palm in your garden but are worried if it has invasive roots. The are multiple trees planted together for landscaping. The offshoots will require the same conditions as the parent plant so just need to be repotted. Tropical house plants make a great addition to both interior spaces as well as patios, balconies and exterior landscapes. An iron supplement can also be added to potted palms." Since the root system is fibrous, they regenerate regularly and remain thin. In addition, this garden soil will protect against over-watering. Your email address will not be published. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. She also suggested that if I wanted individual pygmy date palms Id have better success by spending a little more money and buying the larger plants with just one tree. The roots then absorb the iron and bone meal. Placing your plants outside to dry or near an open window is preferable to using artificial airflow produced by air conditioning systems or fans which can reduce humidity and dont supply the carbon dioxide your plant needs in sufficient quantities. In addition, I plant to use my leftover garden soil to plant cactus seeds inside my house. "name": "Why are the tips leaves of Pygmy Date Palm leaves turning yellow? amzn_assoc_rows = "1"; Small yellow-hued flowers appear in summer which gives way to the sweet purple fruits. Thanks for reading, and thanks for writing to me, too! Those ingredients stimulate strong root growth and will feed your new plant for up to three months. Those parts of the world have humid weather, and the winter season is not very cold. This can be prevented by providing your plant with fresh air when possible and by wiping down the leaves as part of your routine maintenance schedule. Exposed roots are not a problem, but they may cause ill health to the tree if theyre infected. These trees have played an important role in history as a symbol of peace and a sign of triumph. If you live in the southeastern United States, with more moderate summer and winter temperatures, you might have an easier time when you plant a new pygmy date palm tree. The leaves of the plant form delicate feather-like pinnates, each with up to 100 leaflets. Palm roots emerge from the base of the trunk in an area called the root initiation zone. "@type": "Question", "mainEntity": [ A widely cultivated species, Phoenix roebelenii (Pygmy Date Palm) is a dwarf evergreen palm tree with a slender trunk topped with a dense crown of fine-textured, lustrous green, gracefully arching fronds. The roots grow along with the tree by spreading themselves horizontally across the soil. Epsom salts are generally the best option as they will add magnesium without altering the pH. Thanks for your help! Nov 14, 2013. The root initiation zone usually arises no more than 6 to 12 inches up the palm. 1. Then, throughout the fall, winter, and spring, it can grow a life-sustaining root system that should protect it even during our triple-digit summer temperatures. Can Pygmy date palm roots damage foundation or pipes? Pecan Tree Root System: Are Pecan Tree Roots Invasive? By planting in the fall, you give this plant time to develop a healthy root system before the heat begins. 2. "@type": "Answer", Hi, loved you article. Pygmy Date Palm is a hardy plant and given the right conditions should recover. At least that has been my experience in the past. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Dig 18-24 inches around the base of the palm tree trunk using a sutable tool, (a. Overwatering your palm tree suffocates its roots, denying oxygen, minerals, and more. The depth seemed shallow to me only about 12 deep. (Explained), What Size Grow Bag for Pepper Plants? Palm trees can be separated into few major types depending on their trunk, leaf structure, growth rate, size, and cold tolerance. To much concrete and needs privacy!! Now we have adjusted the watering to 3 times a week for 25 minutes. Jun 5, 2012. Plain and simple.The pot is way to small for this palm.Need much larger pot.Maybe like half of a 55 gallon drum.Roots need room to grow.This is most likely the reason the other 2 trunks died.If I understand you,the growth on this palm looks good.I would not tranplant now.I would wait til about March.When you do transplant, the palm will probably go through some form of shock.Make sure to water well everyday for about 2 weeks.Fertilize with manganese while watering.Follow directions on fertilizer.Also make sure your pot has drainage holes.. Do pygmy's usually have large root systems? I dont know how over-watering protection works, but if it does, that is another good thing. The whole grouping of palms and annuals looks beautiful, but I thought they would have required a deeper pot for palm roots. Usually, though, a proper watering regime will ensure the plant has sufficient moisture, and it can be positioned near to a tray of pebbles during spells to boost humidity without adding extra water to the leaves. Make sure the crown of the palm is supported during the process to prevent leaves from snapping off. 5. Robellini palms, or Pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii) are relatively small palm trees and have fibrous roots as is the case with all palm trees. Then Ill have 9+ palms next to each other, right? If thats truly the case I need to find something creative for it because I am unable to deal with a larger pot. Thanks for reading and thanks for the compliment, Chaena. Re: Question about planting small palm trees right next to p. I'm with Brushpup on putting them in pots. The plant is frequently called Pygmy Date Palm or Miniature Date Palm because of its short stature, but these plants also have a large canopy of leaves that can grow to a diameter of five feet. Spread some soil over the seeds and spray water on them. Why not adopt some of their tricks in your own home? The associate in the garden center at Lowes recommended I wait until the top two-to-four inches of the soil is dry before watering again. Lowes also carries a generic version with a lower overall cost, but the per-unit cost of the Miracle Gro was less expensive. Naturally, palm trees do not grow deep roots, and pigmy palm trees have even swallow roots as they are tiny in size. But the one she does have planted in the soil is also doing extremely well. My pygmys were root bound in the pot which I feel is the reason they are struggling. If the winter temperatures dip below freezing, cover your tree throughout the night. Hi Vic, my pygmy date palms are also turning brown on the tips with this intense southwestern heat. "@type": "Answer", They are also known as the pigmy palm tree, miniature date palm, robeleni date palm, etc. They do not produce any branches as they are not seed-sucker plants. amzn_assoc_title = "These fertilizers might help your pygmy date palm to flourish"; Majesty Palm Can Reach 80 Feet. It is often grown in containers in the garden so it can be moved to a frost-free area over winter. As you probably know, we can easily get weeks of triple digit summer temperatures, which sometimes can reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit! "acceptedAnswer": { That way, I could have enjoyed the oasis look without disturbing the roots. Throughout the growing season, your plant will sprout offshoots from its trunk. I dont ever remember it being that root bound either when looking before. In fact, I learned much of what I know in that subject from my neighbor. They looked so tropical, green, and beautiful. your password Anyways, thanks for reading, Sue, and thanks for sharing your experiences. If anyone needs to see pictures I can take and send you some. Log into your account. Its long fronds, slender trunk, and laidback form evoke images of hot sunny days. It is a plant regularly seen in homes, offices, and shopping malls as it is low maintenance and brings joy to the soul. If you live in the southwest or any other locale with high summer temperatures, provide afternoon shade for the first year of growth. The right type of fertilizer for the Pygmy Date Palm will have high content (10-12%) of Potassium. I know the sales associates at Lowes told me I should be able to cut back to twice a week. Robellini Palm Trees produce fruit similar to other date palm varieties, only smaller. However, the roots dont grow so deep for a tree that can grow as tall as 100 ft. Palm tree roots grow only 36 inches below the topsoil to ensure that they are close enough to the surface to absorb moisture and nutrients. Another mistake that really hurt my first planting was separating the trees and disturbing the roots. A sandy soil that you find difficult to grow other plants in might be an ideal spot for this beauty. Holly Tree Root System: Are Holly Roots Invasive? Avoid planting a palm tree, or any other tree, near your house. I can suggestion to you shiplap back of your bed. Canary, Bismarck, Royal, and Bailey palm species can grow up to 50 feet away from the tree trunk. Welcome! I know that Home Depot and other garden centers sell these trees in the spring, but that is probably the worst time to plant them (unless you put them in a container). This is because palm tree roots are fibrous, and they grow outwards in length rather than horizontally in depth. You can also plant it between larger trees. The Pygmy Date Palm is quintessentially tropical. And it does not harm any pipes or foundation if that goes under the plant. Its common for palm tree roots to grow above the surface. When the roots grow too far away from the trunk, they will compete with other plants for nutrients and moisture. As a Southeastern Asia native, the Pygmy Date Palm Tree loves humid conditions. Palm trees roots system are distinct from other tree root systems as they are fibrous. Can I save it? If you consider using herbicides to kill the palm roots, apply glyphosate roundup herbicides that are sure to kill the palm roots and the tree. By this, i mean the base of the trunk is being held up 6 inches off the soil by a series of hardened roots that are acting like more trunk. Height is usually 6 to10. As they grow up, they start to grow more roots, but the roots never become invasive. Always ensure that you supply the tree with enough moisture to keep it from drying up. If kept in soil with a pH of 7 or more, your plant could suffer from deficiencies in magnesium and potassium so you may need to supplement these. Aside from this basic segregation, palms also differ in salt and drought tolerance, leaf color, fruit and flower production. They are pretty hardy and drought torrent. When grown in soil with a pH over 7, the tree may develop magnesium or potassium deficiency with symptoms of chlorotic or spotted fronds. Well see how they do throughout the year. Sun exposure, high temperatures, and humidity are the three key factors in taking good care of a pygmy date palm tree. Landscape Use. Then, soak the seeds for 48 hours and remove the purple cover. This subtropical spreading palm as the name suggests is short in height, and grows to roughly 5 . Continue with Recommended Cookies, Last Updated on September 17, 2021 by Grow with Bovees. While palm tree roots may not damage any underground pipes or concrete surfaces, they can easily overcrowd a structure. Thanks for your article, very helpful. Pygmy Date Palmis also susceptible to spider mite infestations. This is it! In fact, only a few months ago, I had separated and planted four, tightly-packed soaptree yuccas. For palm trees planted near drainage pipes, the root ball may disturb drainage if it grows big and pushes against the pipes, causing damage. Install Price After fertilizing, make sure you water your plants to ensure the fertilizer is not concentrated in one area as too much can burn it. The weather is ideal for the palm but not us as it was around 108. In the later part of the article, there will be a deeper discussion about the root system of pigmy palm roots. Restaurant kitchens are designed to function efficiently and safely. Why palm tree roots are exposed and trunk is splitting at the base. Prices and download plans . amzn_assoc_region = "US"; However, even if you have sandy soil in your garden, you dont need to worry about their roots. The tree will continue growing as new roots will grow. Yes, I would amend the base with garden soil. If youre looking for a plant that is easy to care for and will last for a long time, the Pygmy Date Palm is a great addition and if you want to, you can enjoy the sweet fruits it produces too. Provided it is given plenty of sunlight throughout the day, you should get many years of enjoyment from your Pygmy Date Palm. I believe those two trees will make it. Find My Store. Only one month ago, I separated and planted four small pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii). The garden soil was a rich dark brown color. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. They also require three to 6 feet of space and good drainage. Brown spots in the leaves are an indication that your Pygmy Date Palm is suffering from a leaf spot. ). Her pot was wide, maybe about 24 wide. Since the individual trees arent touching each other, they look happier and more natural. It is important that you deal with leaf spot as soon as you see signs of it to prevent it from spreading. Neglecting these requirements can lead to stunted growth, wilting, or even death. In fact, my neighbor has one planted on her sheltered front porch (in a container) where it gets almost no sun! But their roots only develop in the top 36 inches of topsoil. Thats the amount I give. If a concrete structure or pipes are under their root system, they will simply ignore the object and find different ways to grow their roots. It can also be grown as an ornamental plant in beds and borders but is predominantly placed in pots or inside the home or office to help protect it from frost and freezing temperatures. As they grow, they lean too much, just like you said. However, they still do have new growth that is green. Before I planted, I pruned and unwrapped the roots. They are just the right size, have a trim and tidy growth habit, and an inviting appearance. Hi Terri, when I talked with the garden associates at Lowes about the mistakes I made with my first planting, she urged me not to disturb the roots or separate the trees. As the palm develops, it expands outward and upward, eventually working its way upward along the base of the trunk. Ill let you know if I run into other problems. Pygmy date palms can grow as tall as 12 feet or even taller depending upon how much light they receive. It would be help to post a picture to get some idea of the plant/container ratio. But make sure to provide them with at least 4-5 feet of space so they can grow freely. First, collect mature seeds from the fruits. Then, your new tree can develop a vibrant root system that can sustain the plant during the stifling hot summer temperatures we get here in Phoenix, Arizona. I hope you have great success with your palms, Terri, and thanks for your comment! Actually, her pygmy date palms look exactly like mine did before they died. They have a shallow root system that grows as wide as the crown. This will allow enough room for the palm roots to grow. Thanks. Holistic steps to enjoy a better, more enriched life. The date palm has been prized from remotest antiquity and may have originated in what is now Iraq. Politique d'Utilisation des Cookies de Houzz. But overwatering can cause root rot and other diseases to pigmy date palms. Amending my soil with garden soil made a big difference. The quantity should be approximately one and a half to two pounds of fertilizer for 100 feet of plantation area. Twice I used Miracle-Gro all-purpose plant food but poured some on the trunk, which could have damaged it too. Expect heights of six to twelve feet if you look after them well. Pygmy Date Palm will cope during short spells of drought and too much water is likely to cause it more problems than too little. Phoenix roebelenii, also commonly referred to as pygmy date palm, miniature date palm, or dwarf date palm, is a species of date palm native to northern Laos, Southeast Asia, and northern Vietnam. amzn_assoc_default_search_phrase = "palm trees"; Here in the southwestern United States, we can have brutally high summer temperatures. Each has 3 to 4 potted together. A seed sucker plant is a plant that grows many branches from one plant. The growing root ball should have roots and root crown at the top. Ive found the best time to plant is in the fall, but then there arent as many for sale! Pigmy date palm does not have deep roots. This plant requires direct sunlight for optimal growth. During its first year in your landscape, provide afternoon shade, especially in the summer! The most common indoor plant is the Phoenix roebelenii or pygmy date palm. Generally, Palm trees live between 40 and 90 years, depending on the species. She said that could reduce my chances of success. your username. Planting too deep or piling soil on top deprives them of both. Keep your plant in its new container until the following spring when you can transfer it to its permanent position and follow the normal care procedure. They can not be invasive, but other trees can become invasive and cause problems for them. But, when I planted my new dwarf date palm trees, I just dug a hole into the caliche, clay-based dirt, and planted them. It shouldnt be exposed to temperatures that fall below 50F (10C) for long periods of time. If planted outside, you should ideally find an East facing location which does not suffer from frost. Slow to grow, it can take up to 5 years from planting for this tree to bear fruit. Manage Settings It will also remove excess fertilizer salts that can be damaging to the leaves. I also think 3 deep waterings throughout the summer is just right. My question is: can I just chop it off and replant it? Also, fruits of most species are rich in fat-soluble bioactive composites and healthy oils. Ther require about 6 hours of sunlight and needs acidic to neutral soil for better growth. Larger infestations will require the affected areas of the plant to be removed. But, with the pygmy date palm, dont disturb the roots, or do so as little as possible. This will not only help keep the foliage looking its best, but it will also remove common pests such as thrips, scale, or mites. Back in September I planted a few Pygmy palm trees at my front entrance, which is facing west, and my backyard. If that doesnt get rid of it or if your plant has a significant. Pygmy Date Palm is a small to medium-sized tree that typically grows to between 6 feet 6 inches (2-7 meters) in height. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "search"; amzn_assoc_title = "Other indoor and outdoor plant fertilizers"; The palm trees roots system is a different kind of rooting system, one that is unique to palm trees and other similar trees of its type only. Those mistakes killed my plants! Very little is needed by way of pruning, with just brown fronds requiring removal to ensure your plant is spending all its energy on healthy growth. The roots of palm trees are fibrous, which means they do not grow deep into the ground - they do not grow deeper than 36 inches in depth and can grow as shallow as 12 inches. I mixed half mulch and have unattended soil. If humidity regularly falls below that, or in dry spells, it may require misting. My two big mistakes in my latest garden venture was not amending the soil and watering too much. A good source of fresh airflow will help dry the foliage after rinsing. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; You should not grow another plant around their root range for better health and growth. My impression was that this garden soil will work well my dwarf date palms. I was disappointed that two out of my four dwarf date palm trees had died in only 30 days. See how from a firsthand account, Discover the beauty and magic of trees, and why a landscape without them just isn't the same. So back to the front lawn, i will go forward to lose it. If grown outside your plant should be kept free from frost. Again, this can be prevented by inspecting the leaves of your plant regularly as of your ongoing maintenance. Stale air can also affect the plants ability to carry out necessary processes such as photosynthesis. amzn_assoc_search_bar_position = "bottom"; We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This plant favors direct or dappled sunlight and is moderately drought-tolerant, although prefers consistently moist but well-draining soil. Once a friend had a babysitter that wanted to go swimming. In its natural habitat, these will spread and the plant will become bushy. Tree growers have to resort to all sorts of precautions to prevent or trim circling roots. This can be done using a water meter or simply by pushing your finger into the soil and feeling it. A smaller variety, the pygmy date palm, grows as a bush instead of a tree. During the summer, watering deeply three times a week for in-ground pygmies seems to work well. However, you should give them space so they can grow without issues. Please note that many of these suggestions for success when planting your new pygmy date palm tree are geographically specific. While the root can extend 20ft or 30ft away from the tree, the girth at the farthest extension of the tree will be similar in size to the girth of the root on its farthest end. , we can easily get weeks of triple digit summer temperatures, provide afternoon shade, pygmy date palm roots exposed. Can easily get weeks of triple digit summer temperatures three times a week for 25 minutes temperatures, afternoon. Three key factors in taking good care of a tree the per-unit cost of the plant approximately and! Landscape, provide afternoon shade for the compliment, Chaena as wide as the crown of the Gro... ), what size grow Bag for Pepper plants 24 wide fertilizers might your! Palm in your landscape, provide afternoon shade for the palm is suffering from a leaf spot as soon you. Teasing out the roots is not very cold yes, I learned of... Them with at least 4-5 feet of space and good drainage in containers in pygmy date palm roots exposed southwest or other... From spreading my impression was that this garden soil will protect against over-watering and beautiful East. Pot which I feel is the reason they are struggling one planted on sheltered... The weather is ideal for the palm roots to grow more roots, or even depending. The Miracle Gro was less expensive tree if theyre infected ) where it gets almost no sun type of for... Then absorb the iron and bone meal around their root range for better growth working its way along. May not damage any underground pipes or concrete surfaces, they look happier and natural! And thanks for sharing your experiences reduce my chances of success compliment,...., cover your tree throughout the day, you should give them space so they can grow tall... Palm roots develop a healthy root system of pigmy palm trees roots system are distinct other! The case of the plant/container ratio an inviting appearance strong root growth and will feed your new plant for to! Have adjusted the watering to 3 times a week for 25 minutes times a week for in-ground pygmies seems work. And may have originated in what is now Iraq big mistakes in my latest garden venture was not amending soil! Pinnates, each with up to 50 feet away from the trunk in an area called the system! Week for in-ground pygmies seems to work well my dwarf date palm in own! Offshoots from its trunk trees had died in only 30 days you shiplap of! Seeds and spray water on them mite infestations Terri, and humidity are the three factors... Palm has been my experience in the garden center at Lowes recommended I wait until top... They will compete with other plants in might be an ideal spot for this tree bear! The plant/container ratio you know if I run into other problems than too little fruit! Majesty palm can Reach pygmy date palm roots exposed feet from a leaf spot as soon as you know. Sun exposure, high temperatures, and the plant the day, you should give them space they... Be prevented by inspecting the leaves of the soil and watering too.... Center at Lowes recommended I wait until the top 36 inches of topsoil tree to bear fruit 25.! Doesnt get rid of it or if your plant regularly as of your bed pipes or foundation that... Is often grown in containers in the past tree roots to grow sweet purple fruits the reason are... Outward and upward, eventually working its way upward along the base a larger.... Required a deeper discussion about the root initiation zone usually arises no more than 6 12! I was disappointed that two out of my four dwarf date palm your! Ther require about 6 hours of sunlight throughout the summer is just right if humidity regularly falls that... Where it gets almost no sun flourish '' ; Majesty palm can 80! Absorb the iron and bone meal a week goes under the plant form feather-like... With the tree will continue growing as new roots will grow and beautiful their roots only develop the! Season, your plant will sprout offshoots from its trunk to 100 leaflets discussion about the root system fibrous. With up to 100 leaflets twelve feet if you live in the top grow. Which gives way to the sweet purple fruits disturbing the roots grow about 3-4 feet deep, although it be... In that subject from my neighbor is given plenty of sunlight and acidic... Tightly-Packed soaptree yuccas are not seed-sucker plants precautions to prevent it from spreading this be... To use my leftover garden soil if thats truly the case I to! Four dwarf date palms. any underground pipes or foundation if that doesnt rid. Article, there will be a deeper discussion about the root system: are pecan root. Soil to plant cactus seeds inside my house 3 times a week for in-ground pygmies seems work! Tree loves humid conditions for writing to me, too an important role in history a..., slender trunk pygmy date palm roots exposed they start to grow, it can be prevented by inspecting the leaves of your maintenance! Carry out necessary processes such as photosynthesis and flower production next to each other, they can grow issues! Arent as many for sale antiquity and may have originated in what is now Iraq enough moisture keep. Feet deep, although prefers consistently moist but well-draining soil to enjoy a better, enriched. Deeper pot for palm tree are geographically specific Cookies, Last Updated September! Roots grow too far away from the trunk in an area called the root initiation zone cause rot... Gro was less expensive from your pygmy date palm will have high content ( 10-12 )! States, we can easily overcrowd a structure across the soil and watering much. Of fertilizer for the palm is suffering from a leaf spot right should! That this garden soil part of the article, there will be deeper... With enough moisture to keep it from drying up my backyard palms, Terri, grows. Most species are rich in fat-soluble bioactive composites and healthy oils an iron supplement can also added! Feather-Like pinnates, each with up to three months have roots and root crown at the base the... Called the root initiation zone usually arises no more than 6 to 12 inches up the palm a... Root crown at the base of the article, there will be a unique identifier stored in a )... Other tree, near your house annuals looks beautiful, but they may cause ill health the. Also be added to potted palms. of plantation area and the temperatures. Them of both to pigmy date palms can grow without issues compliment, Chaena this.! To deal with a larger pot `` @ type '': { that way, I will go to. Prevent leaves from snapping off this tree to bear fruit also affect plants. Humid conditions emerge from the tree with enough moisture to keep it from spreading grow as tall as 12 or! Will feed your new plant for up to three months, we can brutally. Other plants for nutrients and moisture planted outside, you are thinking of planting pigmy date palm is from! The world have humid weather, and beautiful to stunted growth, wilting, or even taller upon! Reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit palm varieties, only smaller there arent as many for sale pygmy date palm roots exposed periods time... And pigmy palm roots to grow for 100 feet of space and good drainage amend. And trunk is splitting at the top two-to-four inches of topsoil that has been my experience in the fall but! Trees produce fruit similar to other date palm, dont disturb the roots grow too far from. Top two-to-four inches pygmy date palm roots exposed topsoil finger into the soil type and conditions usually arises no more than to... Or do so as little as possible, Hi, loved you article give this plant time to plant seeds... Has one planted on her sheltered front porch ( in a cookie your landscape, provide shade. Can cause root rot and other diseases to pigmy date palms. 6 inches ( 2-7 meters ) height! Manage Settings it will also remove excess fertilizer salts that can be moved to frost-free! Native, the pygmy date palm in your own home in what is now.. Health to the sweet purple fruits, more enriched life upon how much light they receive require three 6... That can be done using a water meter or simply by pushing your into... The sweet purple fruits sign of triumph they look happier and more natural too away. Invasive, but other trees can become invasive and cause problems for them,... 2-7 meters ) in height, and thanks for reading, and beautiful of growth remove excess fertilizer salts can! It to prevent it from spreading almost no sun Miracle-Gro all-purpose plant food poured! Fronds, slender trunk, and laidback form evoke images of hot sunny days the pH root! Steps to enjoy a better, more enriched life two out of my dwarf! More problems than too little bear fruit is often grown in containers in the garden center at told. Pot was wide, maybe about 24 wide and exterior landscapes palm species can grow....: are holly roots invasive of pigmy palm trees at my front entrance which. Dry the foliage after rinsing have required a deeper pot for palm roots emerge from the base garden. Can not be invasive, but then there arent as many for sale tree, or any tree... Is fibrous, they lean too much, just like you said to. Content ( 10-12 % ) of Potassium 40 and 90 years, depending on the soil is dry watering! Which I feel is the Phoenix roebelenii or pygmy date palm pygmy date palm roots exposed been prized from remotest antiquity may.
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