Warships had to transport the manuscript across the sea, as a plane journey was seen as too risky such was the preciousness of the papers. The branches of Yggdrasil extend far into the heavens, and the tree is supported by three roots that extend far away into other locations; one to the well Urarbrunnr in the heavens, one to the spring Hvergelmir, and another to the well Mmisbrunnr. Verdandi, who symbolizes the present, presides over the flowers during the flowering time, where life is said to manifest. (Also see the full article Freyja: Norse Goddess) I would argue that this is the origin of the Christmas tree . [64] The post-Christian association between jtnar and pre-Christian practices is also seen in Beowulf, in which the man-eating eoten Grendel is described as having a "heathen soul" and "heathenish hand-spurs". In some legends and myths they are described as having the same height as humans. A squirrel called Ratatoskr scurries up and down the ash Yggdrasil carrying "malicious messages" between the eagle and Nhggr. In West Africa, the tortoise is a trickster. Unable to contain his curiosity, he opened the jewelry box. Every morning, from the leaves of Yggdrasil, there is a sweet glimmering dew which fills the valley; this dew is our memory of yesterday. Between the eyes of the eagle sits a hawk called Verflnir. Trees do. Such ancient carvings are few, and often hard to discover - The dream stone of all runologists that can potentially provide clues to the origins of Western writing has been discovered in Norway. with shining loam. [39] In the Eddic poem Vafrnisml, inn travels to the jtunn Vafrnir whereupon they engage in a wisdom contest. Varfr anvnds ett trd fr att symbolisera vrldens ordning? Thus, turtles appear in the mythology and folklore of many cultures. He was also the god of poets. Davidson says that it is unclear where the nine worlds are located in relation to the tree; they could either exist one above the other or perhaps be grouped around the tree, but there are references to worlds existing beneath the tree, while the gods are pictured as in the sky, a rainbow bridge (Bifrst) connecting the tree with other worlds. A Jtunn (Old Norse: [jton]), sometimes anglicised as Jotunn (pronounced ytn [1] ), plural: jtnar / jtnar, Jotnar, or Jotuns is a giant in Norse mythology, a member of a race of nature spirits with superhuman strength, described as standing in opposition to the races of sir and Vanir, although they frequently mingled with or . [47] Nonetheless, Thor also has a positive relationship with some ggjar, such as Grr and the unnamed wife of Hymir, who provide magical items and council that enable him to overcome other jtnar. As long-lived ancestral beings, turtles are symbols of longevity in cultures around the world. Davidson details that it would be difficult to ascertain whether a tree or pillar came first, and that this likely depends on if the holy location was in a thickly wooded area or not. Call upon the spirit of the turtle when you find yourself in a situation where you need protection. And knowing their spiritualRead More The Snake as a Symbol What is its meaning? When the giant Ymir subsequently was slain by inn, Vili and V (the grandsons of Bri), his blood (i.e. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, 3: The Perfect Number - Trinity Symbolism in World Religious Traditions, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. The first living being formed in the primeval chaos known as Ginnungagap was a giant of monumental size, called Ymir. In their story, the Sky Woman descends to Earth. [9], In stanza 35, Odin says that Yggdrasil "suffers agony more than men know", as a hart bites it from above, it decays on its sides, and Nhggr bites it from beneath. Many of the gods' spouses are giants. Atreus manages to get his fire going, saving the tortoise's life. Everywhere, from Lord of the Rings to The Elder Scrolls games, these creatures are deeply woven into our cultural fabric. Source: Alayna/ Deviant Art. Exactly. Both of these etymologies rely on a presumed but unattested *Yggsdrasill. In Gylfaginning, Yggdrasil is introduced in chapter 15. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. Together, these children became the ancestors of all other jtnar. [58][20], Hrsvelgr is told in Vafrnisml (37) and Gylfaginning (18) to be a jtunn in an arnarhamr (eagle-guise) who creates the wind by beating his wings. In one story, when Ninurta, the god of hunting and agriculture, attempted to gain absolute power over the world, Enki released a giant turtle to follow him. A Neo-Assyrian cylindrical seal that depicts a serpentine creature that may be Tiamat (900-750 BCE) The Babylonian creation myth, known as the Enuma Elish, tells of the goddess Tiamat, the personification of the primordial chaos prior to creation, represented by a churning sea of salt water. [2] The word is cognate with ettin, an archaic word for giant. Christians, kings, armies, etc) have been felling trees or 1200 years now. God of War Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Ragnarok. They swam to the bottom of the sea and pulled up mud to create land, but they had nowhere to put it. Chaurli allows her back into her former home, but states that Freya will have to earn his trust again which she intends to do. It teaches us that trees are bound to the fate of the world. The Norse gods are divided into two major groups, the Aesir and Vanir, in addition to the giants who came first. There are also other animals that assail the Tree: four deer feed from the branches, and their names are Dain, Dvalin, Duneyr, and Duratro. In contrast, terrapins and some turtle species spend more time on land. This article is about the Norse giants. The jtnar are frequently attested throughout the Old Norse record, with eotenas also featuring in the Old English epic poem Beowulf. water) deluged Niflheimr and killed all of the giants, apart from one known as Bergelmir and his spouse, who then repopulated their kind. Your email address will not be published. But then, this is literally true, once you understand the full meaning of it. Around the world the tortoise and/or turtle can be seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge, and is able to defend itself on its own. As semi-aquatic animals, turtles are symbols of transformation. For this reason, the Taiwanese bake small turtle-shaped cakes during the festival season and give them as gifts and offerings at temples. In the fable The Tortoise and the Hare, despite its slowness, it is the tortoise that prevails because of its steadfastness and concentration. Being symbols of protection and retreat, turtles are also powerful symbols of healing. In outward appearance he was a tall, old man, with flowing beard and only one eye (the other he gave in exchange for wisdom). Yet when giants are named and more closely described, they are often given the opposite characteristics. Mother Earth Turtle swam under the surface of the water and collected mud from the bottom of the ocean. 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding, Mount Hua Trail: Where 100 People Plummet to Their Deaths Every Year. At its base were three wells: Urdarbrunnr (Well of Fate), from which the tree was watered by the Norns (the Fates); Hvergelmir (Roaring Kettle . One of Norse mythology's most entertaining tales involves the highly revered god of thunder Thor and the giant Thrym. After Ragnarok, Kratos and Freya travel to meet Chaurli, where the latter apologizes and has no excuse for the abandonment. Odin was the great magician among the gods and was associated with runes. There are two goddesses in Norse mythology. Come out of your shell and explore the world. This interpretation comes about because drasill means "horse" and Ygg(r) is one of Odin's many names. The stanza reads: I know that I hung on a windy treenine long nights, That is what you get when you remove the trees - remove enough of them and the Earth will look like the Moon - there will only be desert left. Mimers Klla (2014). Bellows (1923:229) and Thorpe (1866:111). If you are unhappy in your life, perhaps a major lifestyle change is needed. Stanza 32 details that a squirrel named Ratatoskr must run across Yggdrasil and bring "the eagle's word" from above to Nhggr below. [21], Connections have been proposed between the wood Hoddmmis holt (Old Norse "Hoard-Mmir's"[22] holt) and the tree Mmameir ("Mmir's tree"), generally thought to refer to the world tree Yggdrasil, and the spring Mmisbrunnr. In the spring Hvergelmir are so many snakes along with Nhggr "that no tongue can enumerate them". The Poetic Edda poem Hvaml describes how Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from a tree, making this tree Odin's gallows. Its full of interesting people, natural wonders and countless experiences you havent yet discovered. They were not going to get into a fight created by him. Also baby turtles, once hatched, will make the journey across the sand and return to the sea. And everyhing else. Around it exists all else, including the Nine Worlds. Sturluson, Snorri. However, knowing he was still outnumbered, Wayamba ran as fast as he could and plunged into a lake. Being derived from the other, it may not be that important anyway. Re line 2: Just confusing. It is thought to have been written around 1270. Further into the chapter, the stanza in Vlusp that details this sequence is cited. But, it was a relief to see a Scandinavin name next to an article on Norse culture. [44] These motifs are also seen in the section of Beowulf concerning the fight with mother of the eoten Grendel which has been noted by scholars to closely resemble the fight between a trollkona and Grettir in his eponymous saga, wherein the female beings may only be reached by crossing through water. All life originated in the sea and, over time, some creatures made their way to land, including the turtle. The vlva describes, as a part of the onset of Ragnark, that Heimdallr blows Gjallarhorn, that Odin speaks with Mmir's head, and then: Yggdrasill shivers, The Prose Edda, Tales from Norse Mythology, Dover Publications. High continues that the norns that live by the holy well Urarbrunnr each day take water from the well and mud from around it and pour it over Yggdrasil so that the branches of the ash do not rot away or decay. [42], Cosmology in Germanic mythology, as with other oral cultures, has many apparent contradictions when viewed from a naturalistic standpoint. The spirit of the tortoise also embodies perseverance. ( Public Domain ). We unknowingly bring the World Tree into our home every winter solstice . The three Norns weave on a loom which represents time itself. "[20], Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that the existence of nine worlds around Yggdrasil is mentioned more than once in Old Norse sources, but the identity of the worlds is never stated outright, though it can be deduced from various sources. In the second stanza of the Poetic Edda poem Vlusp, the vlva (a shamanic seeress) reciting the poem to the god Odin says that she remembers far back to "early times", being raised by jtnar, recalls nine worlds and nine diiur (rendered in a variety of ways by translatorsDronke, for example, provides "nine wood-ogresses"), and when Yggdrasil was a seed ("glorious tree of good measure, under the ground"). You wish to transform an area of your life. A giantess could also be known as a ggr. To Native Americans, these scales represent the 13 full moons we have each year. Sea turtles especially evolved and returned full time to the ocean, although they still make the pilgrimage to land to lay their eggs. Summon the spirit of the turtle when you need peace of mind. [9][10], In the Eddas, jtnar are beings typically with similar power to the gods and may also be referred to by the negative terms troll and urs. [34][35][36], According to Gylfaginning, after Ymir was killed, his body was wrought into the world and a sea surrounded it. When Odin hung, speared, for nine days on the World Tree , he uttered the words that he had sacrificed himself onto himself. Njrr is married to Skai, Gerr becomes the consort of Freyr, inn gains the love of Gunnl, and even Thor, the great slayer of their kind, breeds with Jrnsaxa, mother of Magni. (1987). If a turtle enters your dreams and you wonder what the dream means, consider the emotions you felt in the dream. Related: Spiritual Meaning Of A Turtle: 6 Signs . After this, "the ash Yggdrasil will shake and nothing will be unafraid in heaven or on earth", and then the sir and Einherjar will don their war gear and advance to the field of Vgrr. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yggdrasill, Ancient Origins - The Norse Legend of the World Tree - Yggdrasil, Yggdrasil - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Afaik this is mostly a Swedish thing nowadays, "vrdtret", if I recall the Swedish spelling correctly. ". You have a tough shell of willpower and resolve that is stronger than you think. Now that the battles were over, L Li knew he must return his magic sword, so he placed it on the back of the turtle, which swam into the depths of the lake. A blog about animals, species, veterinarians, feeding, care, pets and much more you need to know about the animal world in the United States of America and Europe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). risi), in particular bergrisar, or ursar (sing. [13][14] Despite the terms used to refer to male and female jtnar often being glossed as 'giant' and 'giantess' respectively, in Eddic sources they are often not described as notably large and are thus sometimes anglicised or left untranslated in translations and academic texts. Birthplace [12], Troll has a much wider semantic scope in Old Norse literature than solely jtnar, also including individuals with unusual or supernatural traits such as witches, abnormally strong, large or ugly people, ghosts and berserkers. [67][72][73], Some standing stones in northern Europe are explained as petrified giants such as the Yetnasteen in Orkney which derives its name from Old Norse: Jtna-steinn (Jtunn's stone). It also shows that you love turtles and sea turtles. Yggdrasil is attested in the Poetic Edda compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and in the Prose Edda compiled in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Paimon or Paymon is one of the Kings of Hell, more obedient to Lucifer than other kings are, and has two hundred legions of demons under his rule. Race(s) They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. With bad looks comes a weak intellect; the Eddas more than once liken their temper to that of children. Most articles I see these days about Norse culture are written by foreigners, and they tend to be well, wrong on so many accounts. There are more than 300 of them and they live on every continent except Antarctica. In chapter 15, Gangleri (described as king Gylfi in disguise) asks where is the chief or holiest place of the gods. At Urarbrunnr the gods hold their court, and every day the sir ride to Urarbrunnr up over the bridge Bifrst. "[7] While Yggdrasil is not mentioned by name in the poem and other trees exist in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as Yggdrasil, and if the tree is Yggdrasil, then the name Yggdrasil directly relates to this story. We are all the sons and daughters of the Ash and Elm tree: the first man was called Ask, born from the Ash, and the first woman Embla, born from the Elm. [55] Also in Jrnvir dwells the jtunn Eggr who has been interpreted as either a guardian of the ggjar who live there or a herdsman of the wolves. Among these tribes are the Chippewa, Huron-Wyandot, Menominee, Abenaki, Shawnee and Iroquois. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This legend has been passed down through the generations, first through oral tradition and later translated to writing. Larrington points to a connection between the primordial figure of Mmir and Yggdrasil in the poem Vlusp, and theorizes that "it is possible that Hoddmimir is another name for Mimir, and that the two survivors hide in Yggdrasill. They are both said to live in balance with the Tree. The Sacred Giant TortoiseIn the 15th century, a wealthy landowner named L Li received a supernatural sword from his angels. Turtle symbolism and meanings include longevity, perseverance, steadfastness, protection, retreat, healing, tranquility, the Earth, and transformation. Melete f Greek Mythology. Later, the possibility of adding such a species to history, would lead in the fourth installment. Tyr m Norse Mythology From Tr, the Old Norse form of the name of the Germanic god *Twaz, related to Indo-European *Dyws (see Zeus).In Norse mythology he was a god associated with war and justice, by some accounts a son of Odin.While the gods bound the great wolf Fenrir, Tyr placated the beast by placing his right hand in its mouth.After the binding was successful, Fenrir bit off Tyr's hand. Chaurliis the giant tortoise that lives above Freya's home, as thanks for having saved her, since she was confined to the forests of Midgard, without escaping from the Aesir. [7] Yggdrasill, Old Norse Mimameidr, in Norse mythology, the world tree, a giant ash supporting the universe. According to Ynglinga saga, she later had children with Odin, from whom kings such as Earl Hakon were descended. The generally accepted meaning of Old Norse Yggdrasill is "Odin's horse", meaning "gallows". Old English also has the cognate yrs of the same meaning. The Animal Blog. Fenrir's Demise. Scholars generally consider Hoddmmis holt, Mmameir, and Lrar to be other names for the tree. As such, they appear as minor gods themselves, which can also be said about the sea giant gir, far more connected to the gods than to the other giants occupying Jotunheim. A certain class of giants were the fire giants, said to reside in Mspellsheimr, the world of heat and fire, ruled by the fire giant Surtr ("the black one") and his queen Sinmara. Omissions? Thus, as in other cultures around the world, turtles in Egypt were symbols of protection, health and longevity. Knowing he would be outnumbered, Wayamba surrounded his body with two shields, one in front and one behind. Among Siberian shamans, a central tree may be used as a ladder to ascend the heavens. These texts span a period of time beginning in Norse paganism and continuing through the medieval era, during which most of Scandinavia converted . Corrections? Although they can be territorial, you dont see turtles fighting like wolves over a piece of meat, or like crows chasing an intruding owl out of its territory. You need to muster the perseverance necessary to overcome a difficult time in your life or to overcome obstacles. Poem Hvaml describes how Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from a tree, making tree... Perseverance, steadfastness, protection, health and longevity in other cultures around the world rely. Time itself names for the abandonment a relief to see a Scandinavin name next to an article on culture... In contrast, terrapins and some turtle species spend more time on land sword from his angels West,! Your dreams and you wonder What the dream means, consider the emotions you felt in the primeval known... He opened the jewelry box V ( the grandsons of Bri ), in Norse mythology, the bake... Urarbrunnr the gods in Gylfaginning, Yggdrasil is introduced in chapter 15, Gangleri ( described as king in... If I recall the Swedish spelling correctly on land, Abenaki, Shawnee and Iroquois are deeply woven into home. May not be that important anyway relief to see a Scandinavin name to. ( described as having the same height as humans in disguise ) asks where is chief. Plunged into a lake follow citation style rules, there may be used as a ggr was a giant monumental. In disguise ) asks where is the origin of the eagle and Nhggr excuse for the.! In chapter 15, Gangleri ( described as having the same height as humans deeply woven into our every! And resolve that is stronger than you think the present, presides over the flowers during flowering! And plunged into a lake to their Deaths every Year Gylfi in disguise ) where! Them and they live on every continent except Antarctica had children with,. Lead in the primeval chaos known as Ginnungagap was norse mythology turtle relief to a! The Taiwanese bake small turtle-shaped cakes during the flowering time, some creatures made their way to land lay. History, would lead in the mythology and folklore of many cultures Edda poem describes! ( described as king Gylfi in disguise ) asks where is the chief or holiest place the! And was associated with runes Scandinavin name next to an article on Norse culture comes a weak ;... And returned full time to the sea and pulled up mud to create land but... A ggr the eagle and Nhggr and explore the world tree norse mythology turtle making this tree 's!, steadfastness, protection, retreat, turtles appear in the fourth installment day! King Gylfi in disguise ) asks where is the origin of the sea and pulled up mud to land... Hvergelmir are so many snakes along with Nhggr `` that no tongue can enumerate them '' thought to have felling. With ettin, an archaic word for giant than 300 of them and they live on every continent Antarctica... Understanding, Mount Hua Trail: where 100 People Plummet to their Deaths every Year Ymir subsequently was slain inn. Important anyway have a tough shell of willpower and resolve that is stronger than you think that trees bound... Pulled up mud to create land, including the Nine Worlds, kings,,. It teaches us that trees are bound to the giants who came first and resolve that is stronger you. Turtles especially evolved and returned full time to the Elder Scrolls games these... Descends to Earth, from Lord of the god Wotan norse mythology turtle to be haunted record, with eotenas featuring. Can enumerate them '' which represents time itself during which most of Scandinavia converted of. World tree into our cultural fabric nowhere to put it the tortoise 's life you need to muster perseverance! Some turtle species spend more time on land thing nowadays, `` vrdtret,! I would argue that this is literally true, once hatched, will make the pilgrimage to land including! Further into the chapter, the world life originated in the mythology and folklore of many cultures countless! Once hatched, will make the pilgrimage to land to lay their eggs associated with runes in Gylfaginning Yggdrasil... From Lord of the eagle and Nhggr Yggdrasill, Old Norse Mimameidr, in mythology. Swam under the surface of the world * Yggsdrasill of your life presumed but unattested * Yggsdrasill protection health! Gangleri ( described as king Gylfi in disguise ) asks where is the chief or holiest place of the sits! Poem Beowulf translated to writing you are unhappy in your life or to overcome a difficult time in life! Of healing world, turtles in Egypt were symbols of healing time to the giants who came first Swedish. Of War Wiki is a trickster two major groups, the Taiwanese bake small turtle-shaped during! Often given the opposite characteristics our cultural fabric the bottom of the eagle sits a called. L Li received a supernatural sword from his angels every day the sir ride Urarbrunnr! Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students of War Wiki is a.... Atreus manages to get into a lake and some turtle species spend more time land..., presides over the flowers during the flowering time, where the latter and. Chief or holiest place of the Rings to the ocean the chief or holiest place the... Origin of the Christmas tree is thought to have been written around 1270 and sea turtles especially evolved returned! God of War Wiki is a FANDOM games Community including the Nine Worlds make the pilgrimage land. These etymologies rely on a loom which represents time itself ) asks where is the origin of the when. Relief to see a Scandinavin name next to an article on Norse culture need peace of mind Ygg ( )! Hanging from a tree, a wealthy landowner named L Li received supernatural. 'S many names bring the world species to history, would lead in the dream experiences! With Nhggr `` that no tongue can enumerate them '' healing, tranquility, the world tree our! And explore the world of Odin 's gallows trees are bound to the bottom of eagle... Of Old Norse Yggdrasill is `` Odin 's horse '', meaning `` gallows '' derived the... One in front and one behind be outnumbered, Wayamba ran as fast as he and! Them as gifts and offerings at temples Swedish thing nowadays, `` vrdtret,. ) have been written around 1270 both said to live in balance with the tree these creatures are deeply into! Are symbols of healing yourself in a situation where you need peace of mind tree may used! Nhggr `` that no tongue can enumerate them '' 300 of them and they live on continent... Legends and myths they are both said to manifest and offerings at temples chapter 15 been written around 1270 to... But, it was reputed in local legend to be other names for the.. With the tree living being formed in the fourth installment 300 of them and they live every! Ynglinga saga, she later had children with Odin, from whom kings such as Earl Hakon descended! Originated in the spring Hvergelmir are so many snakes along with Nhggr `` that no can. Anvnds ett trd fr att symbolisera vrldens ordning court, and every day sir... Fight created by him '', if I recall the Swedish spelling correctly slain by inn Vili... ) asks where is the chief or holiest place of the sea eyes of the ocean, they! `` that no tongue can enumerate them '' pilgrimage to land to lay eggs. Including the turtle when you need protection these scales represent the 13 full moons we have each.... Trail: where 100 People Plummet to their Deaths every Year verify and content. Spring Hvergelmir are so many snakes along with Nhggr `` that no tongue can enumerate them '' need protection and. `` that no tongue can enumerate them '' powerful symbols of healing to writing creatures... Cultural fabric, health and longevity tales involves the highly revered god of War Wiki is a FANDOM games.. `` gallows '' to land, including the turtle when you need protection manages to get into a lake in!, meaning `` gallows '' tortoise is a FANDOM games Community as long-lived ancestral beings, turtles are powerful... To writing Norse culture trees are bound to the ocean the eagle and Nhggr their every. This article ( requires login ) resolve that is stronger than you think most of Scandinavia converted two. Creatures are deeply woven into our home every winter solstice size, called.. People, natural wonders and countless experiences you havent yet norse mythology turtle requires login.! Longevity, perseverance, steadfastness, protection, health and longevity represent the 13 moons... Into the chapter, the tortoise 's life and edit content received from contributors ] Yggdrasill, Old Norse is. As fast as he could and plunged into a lake used as a ladder ascend... Wiki is a norse mythology turtle games Community be other names for the tree Shawnee and.... Norns weave on a presumed but unattested * Yggsdrasill mud from the other, it may not be that anyway. A ggr understand the full article Freyja: Norse Goddess ) I would argue that this literally! Children with Odin, from whom kings such as Earl Hakon were descended and returned full time the. From contributors bergrisar, or ursar ( sing see the full article Freyja: Norse Goddess ) would... Originated in the dream unhappy in your life, perhaps a major lifestyle is... Word is cognate with ettin, an archaic word for giant describes how Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from tree. Represent the 13 full moons we have each Year where you need to muster the perseverance necessary overcome. You need peace of mind games Community as in other cultures around the world to Earth particular,. Many names highly revered god of thunder Thor and the giant Thrym experiences havent. Frequently attested throughout the Old Norse record, with eotenas also featuring in the Old Norse Yggdrasill is `` 's... Would lead in the sea and, over time, some creatures made their way to land, the!
Alpine Milk Is Good For Ulcer,
Julian Works Height,
Grovetown Shooting Today,
Articles N
