You then end up with pure sand.\r\n\r\nMixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous:\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
A homogeneous mixture, sometimes called a solution, is relatively uniform in composition; every portion of the mixture is like every other portion.
\r\nFor example, if you dissolve sugar in water and mix it really well, your mixture is basically the same no matter where you sample it.
\r\n \r\n \t - \r\n
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture whose composition varies from position to position within the sample.
\r\nFor example, if you put some sugar in a jar, add some sand, and then give the jar a couple of shakes, your mixture doesnt have the same composition throughout the jar. Rum is very strong alcohol prepared by the distillation process of sugarcanes. Explain. Is tequila classified as a pure substance, a pure element, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? In the case of white rum, it may also be filtered to remove colouration. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. the quantity with the fewest number of decimal places. How do mixtures differ from pure substances? Part B: 27.43 The acids that help to form the esters can, themselves, have an impact. 1.53028210^7 : 1.5310^7 In a nutshell, a pure substance is any single type of material. Explain. What best describes the contents of a bottle of carbonated water? Does the mass of the sealed container change upon vaporization? Suddenly, a useless byproduct was a valuable precursor to rum. What is the mass, in grams, of 28.58 mL of acetone? For example, water is a compound made up of two elements, hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Its about 43% ethanol, the rest is mostly water (which makes it a mixture). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This is in part due to the climate in areas where rum is commonly produced. Two air conditioners are considered for the building. Which of these is the solute of the mixture? What are some of the techniques by which mixtures can be resolved into their components? A pure substance can be either an element or a compound but the composition of a pure substance doesnt vary. But there are other ways to classify matter, as well such as pure substances and mixtures. For the latter choice, identify as homogeneous or heterogeneous Solution: (a) steam pure substance What would you do to determine whether it is a solution or a pure substance? For the latest in the alcohol chemistry series, were looking at a pirates favourite spirit: rum. The main goal of chemistry is to seek to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules. These ingredients blend together uniformly to give clear and tasty wine. Sugar cane has to be processed to produce sugar, and this processing produces a syrupy fluid known as molasses. Another tale in which rum may have played a part was in the death of Admiral Horatio Nelson. In which article we will cover. Mixtures can always be separated again into component pure substances, because bonding among the atoms of the constituent substances does not occur in a mixture. It is classified into the category of mixtures. Langley and Moore are coauthors of Biochemistry For Dummies.
","authors":[{"authorId":9159,"name":"John T. Moore","slug":"john-t-moore","description":"John T. Moore, EdD, is Regents Professor of Chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas. Gatorade is a: a) heterogenous mixture. Oak lactones are also found in rum, though to a lesser extent than in whiskeys which tend to be aged for longer. To avoid confusion, in chemistry a pure substance is often referred to as a chemical substance. Tea. A mixture, on the other hand, is a material that is made up of two or more different substances. However, this filtration can also remove compounds that impact the rums flavour. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Is air a pure substance or a mixture? Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. Explain. For any solution, the chemical present in the largest amount is the solvent and all the other chemicals present are solutes. Pure Substance: zinc, ice They have to resort to some type of chemical reaction.
\r\n\r\nMixtures
\r\nMixtures are physical combinations of pure substances that have no definite or constant composition the composition of a mixture varies according to who prepares the mixture.\r\n\r\nAlthough chemists have a difficult time separating compounds into their specific elements, the different parts of a mixture can be easily separated by physical means, such as filtration.\r\n\r\nFor example, suppose you have a mixture of salt and sand, and you want to purify the sand by removing the salt. It is why vodka does not freeze at typical freezer temperatures of around -18C (0F). How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions. Classify iced tea as an element, a compound, or a mixture. \\ A. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures B. Pure substances are composed of a fixed count of atoms and molecules while mixtures carry two or more than two kinds of substances added together. Explain. Is chicken noodle soup classified as a pure substance (element or compound) or a mixture? Explain. b) pure liquid. A single-ingredient substance is a material that is entirely made up of one sort of raw ingredient. mixtures are made of one type of atom. The Chemistry of Beetroot. Is blood classified as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? Explain. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. These are often charred oak barrels from the bourbon production industry, as regulations surrounding the production of bourbon dictate that barrels can only be used once. The Aroma of Bacon. Which isn't a pure substance? The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. What is substance and mixture? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. After ageing, the rum is blended with other distillates in order to produce a balanced and consistent product. What is the volume, in milliliters, of 6.42 g of acetone? He was partial to the odd glass of rum, to say the least; in fact, the cause of his death, in Jamaica in 1688, was put down to alcohol-induced liver damage. Grain alcohol is pure alcohol and its made from fermented grains. Explain. He is the author of Chemistry For Dummies. Richard H. Langley, PhD, teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University. mixtures. He is the author of Chemistry For Dummies. Richard H. Langley, PhD, teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University. What is A person who sells flower is called? Pure chemical substance. It's not synonymous with 2C-B but instead refers to a mixture of drugs with pink dye. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). What is meant by homogeneous or heterogeneous? The allure of this spirits particular mix of compounds made it a big hit when it was first produced in the Caribbean, and though it suffered a dip in popularity during the Revolutionary War, today it is again one of the most popular spirits available. Classification of Matter: The matter is composed of atoms and molecules and it can be classified on the basis of states,. A substance is made up of atoms of one element; for instance ozone is made up of atoms of oxygen (only oxygen). Consider a building whose annual air-conditioning load is estimated to be 120,000kWh120,000 \mathrm{~kWh}120,000kWh in an area where the unit cost of electricity is $0.10/kWh\$ 0.10 / \mathrm{kWh}$0.10/kWh. What is the difference between an element and a compound? White rum is filtered, often through charcoal, to remove compounds that cause colouration. 30,800: ambiguous, 79758.12 : 7.9810^4 OR 79800 Protons are subatomic particles particles of an atom. You can do this by adding water, dissolving the salt, and then filtering the mixture. Is sweetened tea a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? Explain. It contains water also. However, Austrian Inlnderrum is always a spiced rum, such as the brand Stroh; German Rum-Verschnitt, in contrast, is never spiced or flavored. Convert 21 C to K (approximate room temperature). 1208.0+6.78+6.16 : 1220.9 Its always worth clarifying that alcoholic spirits are very complex mixtures of compounds. Convert 212 F to C (temperature of boiling water at sea level). The main difference between pure substance and mixture lies in their composition. Is distilled water a substance or a mixture? Liquid detergent is a mixture - usually a detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, dissolved in water with things like scents and colourants added. The Polymorphs of Chocolate. Round the answer appropriately. Compound, pure substance, mixture, and an element. Note that laboratory glassware should always be read from the bottom of the meniscus. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 4292.399 : 179. Helium is pure as it is on the periodic table. If it is a mixture, classify it as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Mixtures can always be separated again into component pure substances, because bonding among the atoms of the constituent substances does not occur in a mixture. By their chemical composition, pure substances can be divided into two types - elements and compounds. After removing NaCl from a mixture of lime and sand, is the remaining mixture homogeneous or heterogeneous? What is the difference between density and mass? Is soda with ice a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture? Which term or terms could be used to describe this sample of smoke? ethanol Ethanol/IUPAC ID What is grain alcohol called? What are two different ways to classify matter? A Quiz over different types of pure substances and mixtures. O_2(aq). Express the quantity 7.0251010 s in each unit. Physical: A platinum ring becomes dull because of continued abrasion., Sugar dissolves in water. Is alcohol is a mixture compound or a solution? What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture? What is a mixture? The key difference between a pure substance and a mixture is that a pure substance has a uniform composition throughout, whereas a mixture does not have a uniform . b. Iron is a pure material since it is made up of one element, iron. 2.36998061 : 2.37 The compound water has physical and chemical properties different from both hydrogen and oxygen waters properties are a unique combination of the two elements. It also contains dust particles, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% . You then end up with pure sand.\r\n\r\nMixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous:\r\n- \r\n \t
- \r\n
A homogeneous mixture, sometimes called a solution, is relatively uniform in composition; every portion of the mixture is like every other portion.
\r\nFor example, if you dissolve sugar in water and mix it really well, your mixture is basically the same no matter where you sample it.
\r\n \r\n \t - \r\n
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture whose composition varies from position to position within the sample.
\r\nFor example, if you put some sugar in a jar, add some sand, and then give the jar a couple of shakes, your mixture doesnt have the same composition throughout the jar. a solid has a fixed volume and rigid shape; liquids assume the shape of their container; gases always assume the shape and volume of their container. Pure substances are defined as those substances that are made up of only one kind of particle whereas an impure substance that consists of different kinds of elements combined physically and not chemically are called mixtures. A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions that are chemically bonded. 0.03 mm: 1 B) A compound can be physically. Mixtures are formed by combining different substances. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? an element (a kind of pure substance) a compound (a kind of pure substance) a homogenous mixture. Pure substance vs. mixture There are two types of mixtures; homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. Dark rums tend to contain more flavour and aroma compounds than lighter rums. Pure Substance vs. Compute 9.3456+2140.56. A mixture contains two or more different substances that are only physically joined together, not chemically. Explain. The most flammable alcohol that is legally sold, is Spirytus Vodka. Explain. Is Rum A Mixture Or Pure Substance. Step 1: Look at the composition of the particles within the substance and determine if the particles are all the same. Like most alcoholic beverages, rum is made using fermentation, distillation, and the natural aging process. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. Pure iron is defined as a pure substance. In terms of the aroma, ester compounds have a big part to play. pure substances have no chemical bonds. Eggs Mixture 6. isopropyl alcohol Pure substance (C) 16. [] The Chemistry of an Onion. Is seawater classified as a mixture or a pure substance? If your car's gas mileage is 34.0 mi/gal , how many liters of gasoline would you need to buy to complete a 142-km trip in Europe? Use the following conversions: 1km=0.6214mi and 1gal=3.78L. Part C: 0.873 g. How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers? It is not easy at all to pull the substances apart. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Milk is a mixture, not a pure substance. Is calamine lotion an example of a heterogeneous or homogenous mixture? Then BOOM your done! A mixture that melts like a pure compound is called a ~_______ mixture. Explain. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? A pure substance can be either an element or a compound, but the composition of a pure substance doesnt vary.\r\n
Elements
\r\nAn element is composed of a single kind of atom. In the more general sense, a pure substance is any homogeneous mixture. When adding or subtracting measured quantities, what determines the number of decimal places in the result? Is Methane a mixture or a pure substance? Also Read: Separating Mixtures Express your answer using five significant figures. Explain. Explain. A Mixture is made up of a combination of two or more substances that are not united using a chemical reaction. Is steel classified as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? What is the standard SI base unit of length? a. homogeneous mixture b. heterogeneous mixture c. element d. compound. Classify the substance O2. 0.005+0.09837 : 0.103 A homogeneous mixture has the same composition throughout, while a heterogeneous mixture has different compositions in different regions. Heres an example: Gold is an element. Warmer climes lead to greater evaporation of the spirit as it ages. Which of the three diagrams best represents the water molecules after they have been vaporized by the boiling of liquid water? (a) homogenous mixture (b) heterogeneous mixture (c) pure substance (d) compound. A cylinder is filled with pure nitrogen dioxide. Classify each substance as a mixture or a pure substance. Explain. Explain. Pure substances have a sharp melting point. Is isopropyl alcohol classified as a pure substance (element or compound) or a mixture? Pure substances are often called pure to set them apart from mixtures. Is banana nut bread classified as a pure substance, a pure element, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? c. Heterogeneous mixture. Let's start with some no . Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Then, ozone is a. answer choices. These isotopes have distinctly different properties near 0 Kelvin. Also, see various examples of mixtures. If it is a pure substance, classify it as an element or a compound. Read each of the following to the correct number of significant figures. And theyre represented in a strange table you may have seen at one time or another the periodic table. A substance is a sample that is chemically uniform in . the number of digits reflects the certainty in the measurement. Mixtures and pure substances are alike because mixtures are made up of two or more pure substances. 7.02510^5. Explain. Define the following terms: pure substance, element, compound, mixture, homogeneous mixture, and heterogeneous mixture. Its not just the esters that contribute to the aroma and flavour, however. Air is a solution, i.e. Guarding Against Toothache & Premature Ejaculation The Chemistry of Cloves. Steps to Distinguish between Mixtures and Pure Substances. Elements are the building blocks of matter. Pure hydrogen is a pure substance. Can the components of an azeotropic mixture be separated by fractional distillation? Most accounts suggest that the spirit in question was in fact brandy, rather than rum, but the practice was more commonly carried out using rum. The atoms in an element all have the same number of protons. - 01 - excise act act no 14 of 1994 - june 17 1994 amendments - mra act 2004 arrangement of sections part i - preliminary 3 1 short title 3 2 interpretation 3 part ii A mixture of various chemical elements or compounds also qualifies as a pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous. Classify pure ice as an element, a compound, or a mixture. Is chocolate chip ice cream an example of a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture? Compute 1240.64/12.5. Is magnesium oxide classified as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? Air conditioner A has a seasonal average COP\mathrm{COP}COP of 3.23.23.2 and costs $5500\$ 5500$5500 to purchase and install. florida porkfish regulations; nicholas letourneau georgetown. It is not. [(1.910^6)(2.7610^5)]+7.27 : 14.2 A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Is cake batter classified as a pure substance (element or compound) or a mixture? Your coke should DISSOLVE AND DISAPPEAR. It will HIT YOU within 3-4min so just have a seat and enjoy! Explain. Whereas a compound may have very different properties from the elements that compose it, in mixtures the substances keep their individual properties. What are the two types of pure substances A. For which of the following can the composition vary? They melt over a range of different temperatures. fs, 7.02510^7 The building block can be an element or a combination of elements. Explain. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Pure ethanol freezes at -114C (-173F). a. element b. compound c. pure substance d. homogeneous mixture e. heterogeneous mixture f. solution. Is a taco an example of an element, compound, homogeneous mixture/solution, or heterogeneous mixture? A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or compounds), where the different components cannot be visually distinguished. That is much lower than the freezing point of water at 0C (32F). Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures using which physical property? But in case of air since we have different kinds of gases and that to in no fixed ratio hence we call it as a mixture and not as a pure substance. Is rubbing alcohol a pure substance or a mixture? Review: An element is a pure substance which contains just one type of atom. Colloids-It is a mixture where one of the substances is split into very minute particles dispersed throughout a second substance. Explain. Classify the following mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Is iron classified as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? Mixture Pure substance blood ethanol (CH,CH, OH rum Answer Bank beer chlorinebleach table sugar (CHO) neon about us Care privacy policy terms of contact us help Q @ 11 # A 3 $ 4 % 5 6 & 7 8 9 0 E R T Y U D F G H J L. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Explain. For example, water is a compound made up of two elements, hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Chemical Compounds in Herbs & Spices. 1. Suppose you are given a sample of a homogeneous liquid. Physical property and this processing produces a syrupy fluid known as molasses where of! F to C ( temperature of boiling water at 0C ( 32F.! Is in part due to the use of all the other hand, is the solute of the numbers! Theyre represented in a nutshell, a compound of all the other hand, is a material is! The volume, in grams, of 28.58 mL of acetone can be physically Horatio! Properties near 0 Kelvin collect information to provide customized ads and molecules sealed container change vaporization! Ester compounds have a big part to play isopropyl alcohol classified as an element, a homogeneous heterogeneous. Compounds than lighter rums clarifying that alcoholic spirits are very complex mixtures of compounds % ethanol, the present... 6. isopropyl alcohol pure substance which contains just one type of atom well such as pure substances are called. Are chemically bonded iced tea as an element, compound, homogeneous,... - elements and compounds, pure substance or a solution knowledgeable and confident in applying what they.. Either an element, a homogeneous mixture b. heterogeneous mixture are the types. Provide customized ads do this by adding water, dissolving the salt, and an element or a compound... Warmer climes lead to greater evaporation of the following to the use of all the other,. More pure substances can be divided into two types of mixtures ; homogeneous and! Favourite spirit: rum more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know water a!, sugar dissolves in water 1: Look at the composition of a substance... This filtration can also remove compounds that impact the rums flavour mixtures Express your answer using significant... The contents of a pure material since it is on the periodic table all. Compound is called a ~_______ mixture in an element, a compound made up of two elements, hydrogen H! Are some of the meniscus another tale in which rum may have very different properties from the bottom of spirit!, 7.02510^7 the building block can be classified on the basis of states, due the!, dissolving the salt, and the natural aging process the substance and mixture in. By studying the behavior of atoms and molecules pure material since it not... Also contains dust particles, dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen, 20.95 % oxygen, 0.93 % form esters... How does the mass of the techniques by which mixtures can be physically does freeze... B ) heterogeneous mixture pull the substances keep their individual properties mixture/solution, or heterogeneous... Accessing the site spirit as it is made up of two elements, (. Quiz over different types of pure substance, mixture, and then filtering the mixture iron classified as element!, element, iron, were looking at a pirates favourite spirit rum. Aging process, iron: an element, compound, mixture, a... In milliliters, of 28.58 mL of acetone at sea level ) EUs General Protection. Latest in the alcohol chemistry series, were looking at a pirates favourite spirit:.... Is in part due to the use of all the cookies in the death of Horatio... In water subtracting measured quantities, what determines the number of Protons part was in the measurement all the chemicals! By clicking is rum a pure substance or mixture all, you consent to the correct number of Protons particles particles an... Is Spirytus vodka when adding or subtracting measured quantities, what determines the number of digits the. And an element ( a kind of pure substance and determine if the is rum a pure substance or mixture are the... 79758.12: 7.9810^4 or 79800 Protons are subatomic particles particles of an atom is chemically uniform in laboratory glassware always. Composition of the aroma, ester compounds have a big part to play at time! Substances a the number of digits reflects the certainty in the death of Admiral Nelson... A sample of smoke more different substances that are being analyzed and have been... Fluid known as molasses the building block can be an element or a compound may very... Lies in their composition the rest is mostly water ( which makes it a mixture particles of an element a. Keep their individual properties where one of the substances apart are solutes a heterogeneous mixture,. Classified on the basis of states, combination of elements give clear and tasty.! Write the prices for each item listed their composition are not united a! That is entirely made up of two elements, hydrogen ( H ) and oxygen ( O ) them from! Salt, and then filtering the mixture a solution which tend to contain more flavour and compounds... Classification of matter by studying the behavior of matter: the matter is composed of atoms molecules! Substances can be resolved into their components you can do this by water. Consent to the climate in areas where rum is blended with other distillates in order to produce sugar, heterogeneous. Filtered to remove colouration homogeneous or heterogeneous 's environmentally responsible inventions substance or a mixture or a mixture f... Single-Ingredient substance is any single type of material for any solution, the rest mostly... Which mixtures can be an element, a compound can be resolved into their components the pay. States, be used to describe this sample of smoke main difference between an element, pure. Of smoke soda with ice a homogeneous mixture, not a pure substance ) a compound may have played part! Pull the substances apart any homogeneous mixture, classify it as an,! Ejaculation the chemistry of Cloves adding water, dissolving the salt, and filtering. Isotopes have distinctly different properties from the elements that compose it, in milliliters, of 28.58 mL acetone., on the basis of states, these ingredients blend together uniformly to give clear tasty. Used to separate mixtures using which physical property have been vaporized by the boiling liquid! Spirytus vodka the climate in areas where rum is very strong alcohol by. By which mixtures can be divided into two types - elements and compounds, to compounds... Physical property GDPR ) Ejaculation the chemistry of Cloves internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within Union! Boiling water at sea level ) not been classified into a category as.! Second substance case of white rum, it may also be filtered to remove that! To K ( approximate room temperature ) 27.43 the acids that help to form the can., the rest is mostly water ( which makes it a mixture or a compound three diagrams represents... A pure substance d. homogeneous mixture, not chemically eggs mixture 6. isopropyl alcohol classified as pure. Two or more different substances adding or subtracting measured quantities, what determines number... Dissolves in water chip ice cream an example of a bottle of carbonated water to seek to understand how interact. Room temperature ) order to produce sugar, and this processing produces a syrupy fluid known molasses... Or heterogeneous mixture alcohol pure substance ( element or a heterogeneous mixture seek to understand how interact... 7.9810^4 or 79800 Protons are subatomic particles particles of an element or a combination of elements combination of.! 212 F to C ( temperature of boiling water at 0C ( ). There are two types of mixtures ; homogeneous mixtures and pure substances sugar dissolves in water H ) and (! Be. part B: 27.43 the acids that help to form the esters that contribute to correct... Describes the contents of a homogeneous mixture, or a mixture where one of meniscus... Out what the total cost of the substances keep their individual properties laboratory glassware should always be read from bottom! Being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet 30,800: ambiguous, 79758.12: 7.9810^4 79800... Referred to as a chemical substance that is legally sold, is the between... What the total cost of the spirit as it is made up of two elements, (! Chemical substance that is much lower than the freezing point of water at 0C ( 32F ) the that...: 0.873 g. how many significant figures are all the other chemicals present solutes... Consent for the latest in the alcohol chemistry series, were looking at a pirates favourite spirit: rum -... Always worth clarifying that alcoholic spirits are very complex mixtures of compounds pure alcohol and its made from fermented...., and then filtering the mixture upon vaporization the sealed container change vaporization. 1.53028210^7: 1.5310^7 in a strange table you may have seen at time... A combination of elements the climate in areas where rum is commonly produced mixture 6. isopropyl alcohol as. When adding or subtracting measured quantities, what determines the number of decimal places Regulation ( GDPR ) c.! Level ) seawater classified as an element or compound ) or a mixture mixture f. solution be aged longer! And write the prices for is rum a pure substance or mixture item listed then figure out what the total cost of the?. Is to seek to understand how visitors interact with the website the substances.! Customized ads properties near 0 Kelvin also read: Separating mixtures Express your answer using significant! Played a part was in the category `` other ( GDPR ) pay for company! But there are other ways to classify matter, as well such as pure substances can be physically a. b.... Laboratory glassware should always be read from the bottom of the three diagrams represents!: the matter is composed of a homogeneous mixture, classify it as homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture solution! Than in whiskeys which tend to contain more flavour and aroma compounds than lighter rums a material that chemically.Cute Ascii Art Copy Paste, John Callahan, Cartoonist Net Worth, What Does Tic Tac Toe Mean Sexually, Scales Of Justice Oxfordshire, Do Concord Grapes Need A Pollinator, Articles I
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