Service providers should consider these tradeoffs and their specific use cases when selecting the RAN split option that will best meet their requirements for their 5G deployments. Split 2 can be deployed in two variants: Split 6: MAC/PHY layer split. 3GPP has defined 8 functional split options for fronthaul networks in Technical Report 38.801 as below: With an option 2 split, for example, some Layer 2 (L2) Ethernet functions can reside in the RRH and there is the possibility that aggregation and statistical multiplexing can be done before the data is passed across the fronthaul network. IEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). 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As network architects work to meet the 5G challenges of increased traffic and data flows, a fundamental question is. 0000092645 00000 n 0000095561 00000 n If precoding and resource element mapper are part of the O-DU and the O-RRU handles beamforming onwards then it is 7.2a split. Extremely low latency and higher bandwidth needed for this split as UL/DL fronthaul rates are defined by 3GPP in TR 38.801, Table A-1 as below: Split 7.2x use cases: Scenarios where an ideal fronthaul is possible for URLLC and carrier aggregation, presence of eCPRI and common scheduler for deployment like virtualized local data centers. Verticals use cases need sufficient uplink throughput or cell capacity and low enough latency, when 5G Time-Division Duplex (TDD) bands are used to successfully realize their industrial use cases. Great multiplexing gains on fronthaul link can be achieved because of centralized or common scheduler. 0000048436 00000 n It is best suited for small cell fem-to-cell like deployment as well as where heterogeneous backhaul and fronthaul with variable performance is available and the cost to cater for different small cells is needed. Supports multi-TRP, Joint Reception, multiple Carrier aggregation and similar features which need low latency. Check out Qualcomms MWC2022 demos (Analyst Angle), How can 5G operators make the most of telco cloud? Fax: +49 69 907 49 98 41 That means how the RAN can be disaggregated into distributed components (DU) and centralized components (CU). @d"Ei 21 ~1XD A new cooperation scheme to manage the adaptive flexible functional split in 5G networks conditioned to the resource availability in the optical access network is proposed and results show that the proposed software defined converged approach to wavelength and bandwidth management guarantees the optimal allocation of optical resources. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. 0000029886 00000 n Joint processing on multiple access node is possible (Transmit/receive at same time on different nodes). how much intelligence to put near the antenna versus at the DUs or CUs. From a DU cost perspective, split 7.2x is more cost effective when compared to DUs supporting split 2 as more functions are shifted to O-RRU in split 7.2x which further enables more virtualization gains. 0000007583 00000 n The DU connects to RRHs that could be anywhere from a few meters to 10 km from the DU, and the BBU/RRH workloads are split accordingly. Shortly after LTE reached maturity, service providers started facing new challenges to meet customer demand for high capacity and always-on connectivity with quick set-up and transition time, spurred by diverse new applications and extremely high data usage by subscribers. This split brings centralized PDCP entity (user plane) which can be separated from RRC/RRM (control plane), hence it is highly latency tolerant. Rohde & Schwarz White Paper: 5G Evolution On the Path SureCall White Paper: As Data Demand Grows, Eventually Everyone Has to Editorial Webinar: 6G: What problems will the next generation of cellular Editorial Webinar: Open RAN in 2022: Enabling a Continuous Flow of Qualcomm Webinar: 5G mmWave today Insights on monetization and global Editorial Webinar: 5G Standalone: What does the move to cloud-native mean Editorial Webinar: The business case for 5G mmWave: Charting a path Telit to acquire Thales IoT unit for 25% of expanded, rebranded industrial IoT business, Sigfox back from the dead in South Africa after customers rally, investors emerge, Ferry company Stena Line deploys dual-band LoRa/LoRaWAN for cargo tracking, Honeywell invests in RapidSOS emergency response data platform, Buildings have to be programmable,? To meet these requirements, 5G topology introduced a new mindset of creating and defining a multi-split architecture. 0000045787 00000 n 0000097273 00000 n This work uses as a reference architecture the 3GPP LTE stack, and argues about the functional split applicability in contemporary networks, and evaluates Layer 2 functional splits, that can be used for the convergence of multiple heterogeneous wireless technologies in an all-in-one unit. 0000039905 00000 n Such a model, with Control Plane User Plane Separation (CUPS) like design, would bring more flexibility. Email: office@ngmn.org, https://www.ngmn.org/wp-content/uploads/180226_NGMN_RANFSX_D1_V20_Final.jpg, https://www.ngmn.org/wp-content/uploads/ngmn-logo-1.svg, NGMN Overview on 5G RAN Functional Decomposition, NGMN Alliance, 2022, All rights reserved. Editorial Report: The business case for 5G mmWave: Charting a path Editorial Report: Private Networks in 2022: Why Private 5G Networks Matter. This work considers how network slicing can use the network architecture Cloud-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) as an enabler for the required prerequisite network virtualization, and shows how using a packet-switched fronthaul for network slicing will bring great advantages and enable the use of different functional splits. 2017 IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN). 0000095139 00000 n The centralized CU pooling gain provides efficient optimization and resource handling and the fronthaul payload is transport blocks with greatly reduces the fronthaul link bandwidth. Many industry groups including, 3GPP, eCPRI, xRAN, TIP, TTA, SCF, IEEE 1914, IEEE 802.1CM, are working on parts of the puzzle and specifications are already available or soon to be available from many of these groups. Recently I came across multiple of these things so I am taking a shortcut by posting them here. 0000013220 00000 n end-to-end research and news. 0000008132 00000 n Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. This allows efficient support of advanced 5G features that require extremely low latency like multiple TRP transmission and reception, high order MIMO, and high diversity for URLLC-like traffic. This paper investigates new functional split architectures between RRH and BBU, to reduce the transmission throughput betweenRRHs and BBUs, and proposes to move part of physical layer functions of the BBU to the RRH. Using this split, the fronthaul bitrate will achieve extra overhead from scheduling control, synchronization and the Ethernet frame. I wrote a review of the book here and Sasha kindly made a video for our channel which is embedded below: Finally, RCR Wireless published an article looking at the 5G functional splits in detail, by Ankur Sharma, Associate Vice President, Product Management and Strategy, Radisys. both engineers and undergraduates. 0000053207 00000 n This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. If precoding happens in the O-RRU then this is 7.2b split. Exploiting flexible functional split in converged software defined access networks, Fronthaul for Cloud-RAN Enabling Network Slicing in 5G Mobile Networks, Experimental evaluation of functional splits for 5G cloud-RANs, Flex5G: Flexible Functional Split in 5G Networks, Impact of packetization and functional split on C-RAN fronthaul performance, Evaluating C-RAN fronthaul functional splits in terms of network level energy and cost savings, WizHaul: On the Centralization Degree of Cloud RAN Next Generation Fronthaul, Performance Analysis of Several Functional Splits in C-RAN. 0000001896 00000 n What does Functional Split mean? To help with the decision process, here are details on how each split is designed, where it can be deployed, its tradeoffs, and best use cases. 0000094522 00000 n 0000091591 00000 n There is no Low PHY/High PHY split; instead the full stack of the PHY layer and the RF are in the DU/RU. Low latency as well as bandwidth in the fronthaul are needed. 0000096898 00000 n 2016 IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). This greatly reduces the amount of data transmitted across the interface. Requires an in-band protocol needed for modulation, multi-antenna processing and PRB allocation. Split 7.2x is the O-RAN Alliance fronthaul specification between O-DU to O-RRU. The Low PHY/High PHY split is the most acceptable approach for it is less complex and it supports various fronthaul requirements and most importantly it has high virtualization benefits. The nFAPI-like interface allows service providers to mix distributed and central units from different vendors to connect to any small cell radio unit (S-RU). in comments. The choice of RAN split in 5G deployment depends on many factors and is not limited to just radio network deployment scenarios, intended supported services, existing infrastructure, or cost competitiveness. 0000014728 00000 n By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. 0000006635 00000 n Fronthaul Slicing Architecture (FSA) is designed and implemented, which to the best of the knowledge, is the first slicing architecture for the fronthaul network and enables multipoint-to-multipoint routing as well as packet prioritization to provide multiplexing gains in the fr onthaul and the C-RAN, making the system more scalable. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Its most important advantages are centralized encryption/integrity and enhanced coordination of mobility and session transfer procedures. 38 0 obj <>/Encrypt 8 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<097E52E824AC76408D9FA48F9298BC65><2C5DD25C2F2EF4458190A6FA78BD22EA>]/Index[7 58]/Info 6 0 R/Length 137/Prev 204102/Root 9 0 R/Size 65/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream A virtual network embedding (VNE) algorithm is proposed to flexibly select the appropriate functional split in order to mitigate the fronthaul requirements imposed by the Cloud-RAN architecture. In this work, a discussion on the challenges and open issues of joint slicing and functional splitting is posed, taking into account the additional complexity resulted from instantiating multiple slices per DU, each one with a different functional split. He has his own professional Blog, Youtube channel, and Facebook technical 0000003886 00000 n The answer depends on the use case and the choice of the functional split will determine the transport capacity requirement and associated latency specifications and performance. Communication Engineering Frontier Knowledge Base. Similar to LLS-HLS in split 7.2x, split 6 also has very strict delay requirements as the HARQ and other time critical procedures are centralized in the CU-pool. The final part of this document provides an overview of how these various aspects related to the LLS are developing. 0000092498 00000 n Rakuten Communications Platform partners with Airspan on Open RAN network blueprint. 99 80 The identification of 6G use cases is key to predicting major trends in future usage scenarios and will help to steer the needs and requirements for future generational change. 0000053561 00000 n The results show that state-of-the-art techniques fail at maximizing the centralization degree and that the achievable C-RAN centralization highly depends on the underlying topology structure. The basic question is how much compute to put at the BBU as opposed to at the RRH. 0000024705 00000 n I have been meaning to write a post on RAN functional splits and even make a video. In comparison to split 7.2x, split 6 shows lower performance in terms of cell-edge user throughput and average cell throughput. 0000007182 00000 n This site uses cookies to improve and personalize your experience and to display advertisements. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. However, processing and memory requirements are increased in the O-RRU. 64 0 obj <>stream The DU connects to RRHs that could be anywhere from a few meters to 10 km from the DU, and the BBU/RRH workloads are split accordingly. Grosser Hasenpfad 30 The uplink performance is key to fully unlock the value of 5G. 0000004028 00000 n Comes with significant fronthaul bandwidth reduction as compared to split 7.2x. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. This became possible because of higher spectrum, flexible air interface, high order MIMO with smart beamforming, access agnostic and disaggregated RAN with flexible deployment options. hbbd```b``z"D%H 3lA$w6DN86 H2 That means how the RAN can be disaggregated into distributed components (DU) and centralized components (CU). This work also provides an overview of the various industry activities that together form a toolbox enabling an operator to deploy the RAN functional split(s) of their choice. 0000007070 00000 n Knowing which one is the best fit is not always that simple though, with various factors needing to be considered. Any fronthaul delays may reduce the benefits from shorter subframes and wider channel bandwidth, but offers greater advantage in cases of non-ideal transmission conditions and during mobility because the automatic repeat request (ARQ) is centralized in the CU. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Cloud radio access network (CRAN) enables advanced coordination algorithms to be employed in dense small cell networks by centralizing baseband signal processing at powerful computing infrastructures, called centralized unit (CU) pools. 0000027280 00000 n %PDF-1.6 % 2017 13th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM). trailer <<7820476C508A41298F8FBC36F5E333B3>]/Prev 490212>> startxref 0 %%EOF 178 0 obj <>stream 0000054099 00000 n 0000002582 00000 n %PDF-1.5 % 0000039518 00000 n UL/DL fronthaul rates are defined by 3GPP in TR 38.801, Table A-1 as below: Split 6 use cases: The ideal use cases are scenarios where only centralized scheduling is required. Can Fine-Grained Functional Split Benefit to the Converged Optical-Wireless Access Networks in 5G and Beyond? Fronthaul interface needs to meet certain QoS to ensure priority for time critical data. Split 8: PHY-RF split. 0000092791 00000 n Features requirement for the RAN like DSS, NR-NR CA, NR-NR-DC, TDD-FDD mode and more. 5G brings higher throughput and extended cell edge coverage benefits as compared to LTE. The Open RAN Alliance as well as the Small Cell Forum (SCF) evolved their specifications to support 5G functional splits with two additional versions: Not all split options are considered ideal for initial 5G deployments. 0000094447 00000 n Radio resource control and packet data convergence control are split from the Layer 2 radio link control (RLC). The industry organizations such as 3GPP, the O-RAN Alliance and the Small Cell Forum will continue to develop the specifications and architectures to support diverse 5G use cases. 0000095486 00000 n There is a trade-off in terms of performance, complexity, flexibility, and transport demands that can allow an operator to decide what RAN decomposition(s) to deploy. says Cisco?s smart building lead, View to install smart windows at Skanska office project in Seattle, BAI Communications to acquire ZenFi Networks, Wi-Fi 6E: A spectrum update, not just a technology update, Tupl CEO: The role of automation is paramount. 5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G by Sasha Sirotkin (Editor), The Status of 5G Standalone (5G SA) Networks - March 2021, Initiative to Remove Non-inclusive terms from 3GPP Specifications, Everything you need to know about 5G Security, Open RAN Explanation, Videos, White papers and Other Resources. IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. Requires a re-sequencing buffer in both DU and CU so that packets arrive in the correct sequence. Since 1982, RCR Wireless News has been providing wireless and mobile industry news, insights, and analysis to mobile and wireless industry professionals, decision makers, policy makers, analyst and investors. By using this site you consent to the use of cookies. 0000034003 00000 n As industry bodies consider new network architectures, a key consideration is a functional split that separates layers between the BBU and the RRH. A virtual network embedding (VNE) algorithm is proposed to flexibly select the appropriate functional split for each small cell, formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem whose objective is to jointly minimize the inter-cell interference and the fronthaul bandwidth utilization. 0000039245 00000 n RRC along with PDCP-C will be part of CU-CP, and the SDAP/PDCP-U will be associated with CU-UP. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). DL FH bitrate = (Peak rate+ signaling rate) *(BW/control signal BW) *(# of layers/# of layers in control signal) *(8/6), UL FH bitrate = (Peak rate+ signaling rate) *(BW/control signal BW) *(# of layers/# of layers in control signal) *(6/4), For a scenario using 100 MHz bandwidth, 8 layers and 256 QAM modulation the bitrate will be DL 5.6 Gbps and UL 7.1 Gbps. 0000006672 00000 n Split 7.2x comes with fronthaul compression techniques like BFP IQ compression and de-compression to further reduce transport bandwidth. The 5G RAN has a number of architecture options, such as how to split RAN functions, where to place those functions, and what transport is required to interconnect them. 0 This option is like 3GPP Release 12 based LTE dual connectivity (option 3C) which can handle multiple flows to various access nodes to enable multi-connectivity scenarios. Because of the control and user split, deployment is mainly focused on non-real-time applications running in the CU when transport requirements like latency and bandwidth are relaxed. 0000017683 00000 n 5G is being deployed today as Unified Delivery Network (UDN), Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), Non-Public Network (NPN) / Public network integrated NPN (PNI-NPN) and many more topologies to address diverse use cases. (Part 1), Option 2 a high-level centralized Unit (CU) and distributed Unit (DU) split which is primarily a separated control and user plane, Option 7 (or 7.2) a low-level split for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and near-edge deployment, O-RAN Alliance defined the low-level split (option 7.2x). This paper presents the design of an adaptive RAN that can switch between two different centralization options at runtime, and provides design objectives and challenges, as well as measurement results from a working implementation. 0000043400 00000 n This study proposes the use of a packet-based fronthaul network and studies the joint impact of different packetization methods and RRH-BBU functional splits on the FH rate and latency. Delivers only marginal multiplexing gains in the CU pool because most of the critical functions are in the DU which can be part of on-site or close-to-cell site deployment such as in a local data center. This work provides an overview of the various RAN functional split options and their relative trade-offs. Variant 1: RRC, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) & PDCP in the same central unit as one entity; no control and user split. On the other hand, with an option 7 split, some Layer 1 (L1) functions can reside in the BBU and pooling gains can be realized with centralized processing. %%EOF The result is published in NGMNs 6G Use Cases and Analysis White Paper released today. Also in the White paper Exploring 5G Fronthaul Network Architecture Intelligence Splits and Connectivity by Intel, theres a good example for 5G DRAN deployment as below: This 5G DRAN deployment example shows an architecture using either an option 2 or option 7 extensible Radio Access Network (xRAN) split for sub-6 GHz, where the DU can be at or near the antenna site. RED Smartphone with LEIA Holographic Display Tech, LTE for drone flight management and situational awareness, LTE-Advanced taps into unlicensed spectrum with Licensed Assisted Access. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. DL FH bitrate = Sub Carrier*# of Symbol*# of layers*IQ size*2*1000 +MAC info, UL FH bitrate = Sub Carrier*# of Symbol*# of layers*IQ size*2*1000 +MAC info, For the same scenario as above using 100 MHz bandwidth and 32 antenna ports the DL bitrate will be 9.8 Gbps and the UL 15.2 Gbps. The MAC-PHY layer split is being standardized by the Small Cell Forum (SCF) with the nFAPI (network FAPI) interface designed to enable Open RAN. It has two variants: 7.2a and 7.2b based on where precoding occurs. This split is an already standardized PDCP-RLC split like in LTE dual connectivity. Editorial Report: Test and Measurement: Navigating operations, assurance and new spectrum Rohde & Schwarz White Paper: Emerging Trends in Wireless Infrastructure, Rohde & Schwarz White Paper: 5G Voice over New Radio. page where he walks his followers through a full understanding of the upcoming 5G technology covering The functional split determines how many base station functions to leave locally, close to the user, with the benefit of relaxing fronthaul network bitrate and delay requirements, and how many functions to centralize. This split enables complete separation of the RF from the Physical layer to maximum virtualization gains. For 5G use cases, an ideal one-way latency is required and, in the worst case, near ideal in the MAC/PHY split. The 5G RAN decomposition allows for a wide range of 5G services requirements to be met by allowing for RAN functionality to be split into centralised and distributed locations. 0000004684 00000 n 0000005105 00000 n 0000091426 00000 n 0000091666 00000 n 0000091896 00000 n Therefore, operators, technology suppliers and academic advisors in NGMN joined forces and contributed their views on which 6G use cases they predict will emerge in the future decade. 0000007429 00000 n 99 0 obj <> endobj xref An important aspect of this split is the fronthaul bandwidth requirement gets smaller while using O-RRU. Latest news and information on 3G, 4G, 5G wireless and technologies in general. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. The complexity of the joint functional split selection and scheduling policy that minimizes total latency or the maximum latency over all RRHs is sought, which becomes equivalent to a constrained shortest-path problem which is NP-Hard. endstream endobj startxref 0000007296 00000 n Split 7.2x: Low PHY/High PHY split. These architectures can be used for 4G and 5G, across multiple radio access technologies (RAT), and are band-agnostic (able to operate across multiple bands), ranging from sub-6 GHz to mmWave. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. While these approaches helped alleviated some of the issues, they also increased service providers CAPEX and OPEX and significantly reduced profitability. This paper evaluates, by mathematical and simulation methods, different splits with respect to network level energy and cost efficiency having in the mind the expected quality of service and derives a principle for fronthaul dimensioning based on the traffic profile. For the LLS, the story is less mature, but still making significant progress. The article 'Exploring functional splits in 5G RAN: Tradeoffs and use cases' is available here. Because of the increase in the scale of 5G, a more efficient fronthaul interface is needed. However, with eight possible functional split options in 3GPPs 5G-NR RAN2 specification, one of the standards bodies which oversees the development of mobile protocols, it was tough to meet the fronthaul requirements. Enables beamforming gains, though it lacks the efficient coordinated scheduling between multiple DUs, so inter-DU coordination is not fast enough for low latency applications. 0000012664 00000 n If a bandwidth of 100 MHz using a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) of 60 kHz is assumed, then a 3-sector antenna using a single carrier with a 44 antenna arrangement would require around 34 Gbps fronthaul capacity across an option 7 split, while an 88 arrangement would require around 67 Gbps. Each of these describes how the centralised units and distributed units interrelate to one another, and what specific activities will be undertaken by each. 0000031851 00000 n 0000053321 00000 n It is embedded below: The next one is slightly detailed video from the book "5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G" by Sasha Sirotkin (Editor). Note that the option 2 split fronthaul requirement capacity is much less, requiring a lower-capacity optical link. E.g., DL precoding in O-RRU prevents further increased demand in fronthaul bandwidth when the number of MIMO streams are greater than MIMO layers. The below architectures show distributed radio access network (DRAN) examples where the BBU is either fully integrated at the tower or integrated at a distribution site at or near the tower, and centralized radio access network (CRAN) examples showing partially centralized RAN and fully centralized vRAN. Key constraint in this approach is high latency stringent requirement because of subframe-level timing interactions between part of PHY layer in CU and part of PHY layer in DUs. 0000015266 00000 n This work investigates whether a fine-grained functional split architecture could benefit to the RAN evolution, and how it impacts on the converged optical-wireless access networks, and proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) considering the PP selection, routing, wavelength and bandwidth assignment. Click on one of the links below to read the article in full below: Orange launches 1st dedicated OpenRAN lab in France, Benetel joins SONIC program to accelerate UK 5G roll-out, https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/functional-splits-the-foundation-of-an-open-5g-ran/, https://issuu.com/wtwhmedia/docs/5g_handbook. An optimization model is formulated, Apt-RAN, that optimizes the energy consumption of the CU pool and the number of handovers, considering different functional splits, and a lightweight polynomial time heuristic algorithm is proposed. 0000005592 00000 n The MAC, RLC and upper layers will be part of the central unit (CU). 0000039072 00000 n RLC, medium access control (MAC), and high physical layer will be part of the DU, and the low physical layer along with the RF are in the DU. 0000007680 00000 n Ultimately, a flexible radio can address the service or operator requirements considering these trade-offs, potentially starting with a higher layer and a lower layer option. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). Specific QoS requirement for offered services (e.g., low latency, high throughput), Network densification, traffic profile, bandwidth demand, available spectrum with RF features like MIMO, E2E transport availability networks with different performance levels, from ideal to non-ideal. This site may also include cookies from third parties. Thank you for joining our live NGMN Press and Industry Briefing on March 1, 2022 from 1:30 -2:30 pm CET at MWC stand 3M31. The below figure illustrates a complete view (interface connectivity within RU/DU/CU) of O-RAN split 7.2x: 7.2a splits supporting RRU are much simpler and lower in cost as compared to 7.2b splits supporting O-RRU due to how much functionality has been pushed to the O-RRU or remains in the O-DU. 0000094721 00000 n 7 0 obj <> endobj Split 6 enables multiplexing gains for different UE densities which results in a significantly decreased number of DUs. 0000053648 00000 n View 3 excerpts, references background and methods. 0000043330 00000 n AT&T brings private 5G network, MEC to Fords new electric vehicle Chinese telcos add almost 44 million 5G subscribers in September, Revenue boost for automotive industry from cellular connectivity outweighs SEP licensing costs (Analyst Angle), Comcast, Charter continue rapid mobile growth, These are the elements required to deploy an IoT solution, Want to know the future of 5G and 6G? Most of the L1/L2 functions which need high processing power can be virtualized in this split and then enable efficient resource utilization and optimization from the SMO layer in O-RAN. The 5G RAN has a number of architecture options, such as how to split RAN functions, where to place those functions, and what transport is required to interconnect them.
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