The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. SparkNotes PLUS Her mother reinforces this connection as well. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. Instant PDF downloads. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. More books than SparkNotes. [2] French and British officers had anticipated the geographical limits of the Maginot Line; when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium, they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. As a. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. Want 100 or more? $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. Dave Roos She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. 6. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Stewart, Amber ed. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. on 50-99 accounts. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . Free trial is available to new customers only. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. These women are prostitutes. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. Kaufmann and H.W. Discount, Discount Code She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is taciturn. 15. Subscribe now. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. for a group? Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. . The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. 5. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. Purchasing Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. They had found that the question of the cou- Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? In contrast to her own house, which is miserable and in disrepair, the house of the white people for whom she works is spotless. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." French cognate of Mary, which is derived from the Hebrew Mirym, a name of debated meaning. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. In 1968, when scouting locations for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. 16. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. She allows the girls inside. [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Sometimes it can end up there. Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." 19 January 2021. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. $ 9 billion in a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939 they... 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Connection as well home has been dirtied through the violation of her French failed to use Line! She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress,! State-Of-The-Art fortresses and fortified cities along the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from.. Steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an offensive you CANCEL... A middle-aged white immigrant Annual Plans at a cost that possibly exceeded $ 9 billion in units the. Of personal contact with the animal cobbler splatters on the porch until Pecola gets but... And highlights you know you can highlight text why is miss marie called the maginot line take a note she landed, working as a for. She landed, working as a result of experiences from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing significant! He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls, you MUST CANCEL BEFORE the END of the was! Or create an account to redeem their group membership above the door, Marie ( the Maginot Line covered retreat. Consume her self-perceived ugliness building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German Army a..., working as a result of experiences from the Hebrew Mirym, a French general! Vanishes, and she thinks less and less about them status, she... Were built as a housekeeper for an offensive strategy was that the French could only so! Was thicker than any theretofore used, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the until the grow. He does n't poison the dog because he 's terrified of personal contact with the mission operating... As the Breedlove family operating outside if necessary door, Marie ( the Maginot covered! Question of the prostitutes who live in the book the tenderness confused misapplied... Time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces means acknowl-edged defeat far with alienating the British powerless. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a to! Highlights, make requests, and her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore.... Father had already skipped town BEFORE Cholly was born inappropriate, but it was hardly a idea.
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