On October 7, under the pressure from Berlin, the Czechoslovak government gave Slovakia a wide autonomy. Munich Agreement Facts about Munich Conference and Munich Agreement ID: 1756274 Language: English School subject: History Grade/level: IB Age: 14+ Main content: Munich Conference Other contents: Add to my workbooks (0) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom Add to Microsoft Teams Share through Whatsapp [4], The Munich Agreement was soon followed by the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938, separating largely Hungarian inhabited territories in southern Slovakia and southern Subcarpathian Rus' from Czechoslovakia. Missing czech leader. After being pressed by Chamberlain, Hitler agreed to have the ultimatum set for 1 October (the same date that Operation Green was set to begin). [86], In 1938, the Soviet Union was allied with France and Czechoslovakia. Your Excellency's note emphasizes the fact that the formal act of recognition has guided the policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Czecho-Slovakia, but, in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, His Majesty's Government now desire to declare that, as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho-Slovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. He was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had presented the agreement to the British Parliament. "[125] Many later crises were accompanied by cries of "Munich" from politicians and the media. [12], Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany, Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, and he was instructed to raise demands that would be unacceptable to the democratic Czechoslovak government, led by President Edvard Bene. In a speech delivered in the Reichstag, Hitler expressed the importance of the occupation for strengthening of German military and noted that by occupying Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2,175 field guns and cannons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43,000 machine guns, 1,090,000 military rifles, 114,000 pistols, about a billion rounds of small-arms ammunition, and 3million rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition. [23] General Ludwig Beck, chief of the German general staff, noted that Hitler's change of heart in favour of quick action was Czechoslovak defences still being improvised, which would no longer be the case two to three years later, and British rearmament not coming into effect until 1941 or 1942. Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war. [113], Since most of the border defences had been in the territory ceded as a consequence of the Munich Agreement, the rest of Czechoslovakia was entirely open to further invasion despite its relatively-large stockpiles of modern armaments. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the words "Munich" and "appeasement" are frequently invoked when demanding forthright, often military, action to resolve an international crisis and characterising a political opponent who condemns negotiation as weakness. Map in the back ground. Sentinel Infotech [3] Hungary also moved its troops towards the border with Czechoslovakia, without attacking. A-level - Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945. . [63], The British population had expected an imminent war, and the "statesman-like gesture" of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim. RM 2GFMHWT - Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain shaking hands at the Munish Agreement in September 1938. [124] In 1950, US President Harry Truman invoked "Munich" to justify his military action in the Korean War: "The world learned from Munich that security cannot be bought by appeasement. An agreement was quickly reached on Hitler's terms, and signed by the leaders of Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. France rejected those demands and began threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Bene reluctantly accepted. On 30 September after some rest, Chamberlain went to Hitler's apartment in the Prinzregentenstrae and asked him to sign a statement calling the Anglo-German Naval Agreement "symbolic of the desire of our two countries never to go to war with one another again. After Hitler's interpreter translated it for him, he happily agreed. "[43] Hitler received Mussolini's message while in discussions with the French ambassador. [52], The New York Times headline on the Munich agreement read "Hitler gets less than his Sudeten demands" and reported that a "joyful crowd" hailed Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was "wildly cheered" on his return to Britain. Enjoy unlimited reading on winnipegfreepress.com; Read the E-Edition, our digital replica newspaper; Access News Break, our award-winning app [85] The British and French mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans. Omissions? At Hitler's insistence the Sudetenland was given to Germany. Hitler agreed, and on September 29 Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini met in Munich. In mid-September Chamberlain offered to go to Hitlers retreat at Berchtesgaden to discuss the situation personally with the Fhrer. On 4 August 1938, a secret Army meeting was held. Adolf Hitler was expanding the German Empire, and Czechoslovakia was his next. Moreover, disruptive political activities inside Czechoslovakia had been underway since as early as October 1933, when Konrad Henlein founded the Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront (Sudeten-German Home Front). On 6 December 1938, the French-German Non-aggression Pact was signed in Paris by French Foreign Minister Bonnet and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. That was made apparent by the dispute over the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig and resulted in the signing of an Anglo-Polish military alliance. At Munich, on 29 September 1938, Britain and France gave Hitler the Sudetenland. The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s, The Munich Agreement in contemporary radio news broadcasts, British Pathe newsreel (includes Chamberlain's speech at Heston aerodrome), Text of the 1942 exchange of notes nullifying the Munich agreement. The Munich Agreement was an agreement between France, Italy, Germany and Britain.After Germany threatened an invasion of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, the British and the French prime ministers tried to get Adolf Hitler to agree not to use his military in the future in return for taking the land. Munich Agreement 3. T he first 3 steps are labelled 'Rearmament', 'Rhineland' and 'Danzig'. Munich Agreement To access the entire contents of this site, you need to log in or subscribe to it. In the light of recent exchanges of view between our Governments, I think it may be useful for me to make the following statement about the attitude of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as regards Czecho-Slovakia. Images. The following commentary about Munich Agreement, 1938 in the Churchill Era is produced by the Churchill College (Cambridge): Agreement signed at a conference in Munich, Germany, between the major European powers in September 1938. The Munich Agreement as History and Analogy | Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs The Munich Agreement as History and Analogy Dr. Martin Kramer September 5, 2018 Filed under: Conferences Well thank you, good morning. Thus, the Sudetenland was the most "pro-Nazi" region in Nazi Germany. [39] The announcement enraged those in Britain and France who wanted to confront Hitler once and for all, even if it meant war, and its supporters gained strength. "[51] After Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications, he privately said to Joseph Goebbels that "we would have shed a lot of blood" and that it was fortunate that there had been no fighting. On 5 August 1942, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk. KS3 (11-14) GCSE (14-16) A-Level (16-18) School History > Modern World > Munich Agreement Facts . Munich Pact signed. Quickly scan the cartoon. Prior to the signing of the Munich Agreement, Western Europe 1938 was engulfed with fear of war with Hitler's Germany. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2 3. Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs, she will turn on the West. [33] The situation in Czechoslovakia became tenser that day, with the Czechoslovak government issuing an arrest warrant for Henlein, who had arrived in Germany a day earlier to take part in the negotiations. On 2 May 1935, France and the Soviet Union signed the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance with the aim of containing Nazi Germany's aggression. [15], With tension high between the Germans and the Czechoslovak government, Bene, on 15 September 1938, secretly offered to give 6,000 square kilometres (2,300sqmi) of Czechoslovakia to Germany, in exchange for a German agreement to admit 1.5 to 2.0million Sudeten Germans, which Czechoslovakia would expel. [116], Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security, and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers.[117]. . The reason was complicated and interesting. Whilst Stalin-era Polish historiography typically followed the line that Beck had been a "German Agent" and had collaborated with Germany, post-1956 historiography has generally rejected this characterisation.[83]. [31] Chamberlain arrived by a chartered British Airways Lockheed Electra in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at Hitler's residence in Berchtesgaden for the meeting. On 18 September, Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini made a speech in Trieste, Italy, where he declared "If there are two camps, for and against Prague, let it be known that Italy has chosen its side", with the clear implication being that Mussolini supported Germany in the crisis. They have lost too many opportunities." Posture is weak shwoing they are scared. Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement, in alliance with two Conservative MPs, Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams, who had been seen up to then as a reactionary element in the Conservative Party. Raising a toast to "Peace in Our Time" at the Munich Agreement. Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans. You can also request a Free trial or check the blog (which is also free) The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe, without the presence of Czechoslovakia. The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from British Conservative government of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. [60] On this basis it has been argued that the Munich Agreement kept Hitler in powerHalder remained bitter about Chamberlain's refusal for decades after the waralthough whether the attempted removal would have been any more successful than the 1944 plot is doubtful. [34][clarification needed]. Any international "guarantees" of the new Czech . [77] (Czechoslovakia would have been attacked on all sides. [37] In the following days, Czechoslovak forces suffered over 100 personnel killed in action, hundreds wounded and over 2,000 abducted to Germany. License for Classroom Use: GRANGER ACADEMIC "[34] Chamberlain arrived in Cologne, where he received a lavish grand welcome with a German band playing "God Save the King" and Germans giving Chamberlain flowers and gifts. The most notable of them was Karl Hermann Frank, SS and Police General and Secretary of State in the Protectorate. [12] Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law's emphasis of national self-determination, claiming it was a Czech hegemony although the Germans, the Slovaks, the Hungarians, the Ukrainians and the Poles of the country actually wanted to be in a union with the Czechs. What is the title or caption? Chamberlain agreed to submit the new proposal to the Czechoslovaks, who rejected it, as did the British cabinet and the French. [39] At 11:00am, Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain's proposition; Mussolini agreed with it and responded by telephoning Italy's ambassador to Germany and told him "Go to the Fuhrer at once, and tell him that whatever happens, I will be at his side, but that I request a twenty-four-hour delay before hostilities begin. As one knows, the Nazi Germany did not . President Bene of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1939. David Low's first published cartoon was printed in a New Zealand paper in 1902, when he was eleven years old. [122], In September 1942 the French National Committee, headed by Charles de Gaulle, proclaimed the Munich Agreement to be null and void from the very beginning, and on 17 August 1944, the French government reaffirmed this. It is all a matter of handshakes or war to him. Click here for the interpretation The Story of the Pact a. Britain and Russia . Creative. On April 2829, 1938, Daladier met with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in London to discuss the situation. Although Churchill recognized that Chamberlain acted from noble motives, he argued that Hitler should have been resisted over Czechoslovakia and that efforts should have been made to involve the Soviet Union. By May 1938 it was known that Hitler and his generals were drawing up a plan for the occupation of Czechoslovakia. [51], The Nobel laureate, Thomas Mann, took to pen and pulpit in defense of his surrogate homeland proclaiming his pride at being a Czechoslovak citizen and praising the republic's achievements. The Munich Agreement, signed by Britain, France, Italy and Germany permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe, excluding the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. ", Ripsman, Norrin M. and Jack S. Levy. She has chosen shame, and will get war. [44] Nevile Henderson, Alexander Cadogan, and Chamberlain's personal secretary Lord Dunglass passed the news of the conference to Chamberlain while he was addressing Parliament, and Chamberlain suddenly announced the conference and his acceptance to attend at the end of the speech to cheers. Immediately after the occupation, a wave of arrests began, mostly of refugees from Germany, Jews and Czech public figures. The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance, provided that the Red Army would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory. [34] The discussions ended with a firm British-French plan in place. [114] Czechoslovak weapons later played a major role in the German conquest of Poland and France, the last of which country had urged Czechoslovakia into surrendering the Sudetenland in 1938. This understanding has been assumed also by the contemporary Czech Constitutional court. [94][95][96], Nazi Germany occupied Sudetenland from 1938-1945. [34] The proposed solution was rejected by both Czechoslovakia and opponents of it in Britain and France. 'What, no chair for me?' English cartoon by David Low, 1938, on Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's exclusion from the Munich Conference to partition Czechoslovakia. Universities and colleges were closed after demonstrations against the occupation of Czechoslovakia. [87], The Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons said, "We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome, and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown. Assignments 1) Together with your partner, analyze one of the Sources F-H and find out the argument against Chamberlain's policy of appeasement which it contains. In this agreement, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain had agreed to allow Adolf Hitler's Germany to annex the Sudetenland, a German-dominated province of Czechoslovakia. [105], Because of their knowledge of Czech, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as well as in Nazi organisations, such as the Gestapo. Without them its independence became more nominal than real. Nevertheless, Mussolini introduced a written plan that was accepted by all as the Munich Agreement. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time. During the meeting with Hitler, Hcha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order the Czech troops to lay down their arms. Moreover, because of the railway connection, Munich was a very easy place for access both from the east and from north and south. He obtained his doctorate in Modern History from Oxford University and . Prescribed Subjects for Paper 1 PS3: The Move to Global War 6. in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMajewski2020 (. MUNICH CONFERENCE, 1938. At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war, they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938. [20] While recognizing that this would still be insufficient for a full-scale naval war with Britain, Hitler hoped it would be a sufficient deterrent. [30] Chamberlain decided to do this after conferring with his advisors Halifax, Sir John Simon, and Sir Samuel Hoare. The Czechs must be destroyed. Having at that time one of the worlds best-equipped armies, Czechoslovakia could mobilize 47 divisions, of which 37 were for the German frontier, and the mostly mountainous line of that frontier was strongly fortified. On 25 September, Czechoslovakia agreed to the conditions previously agreed upon by Britain, France, and Germany. What is Munich Agreement? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The agreement was signed on Sept. 30, 1938, and in it, the powers of Europe willingly conceded to Nazi Germany's demands for the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to keep "peace in our time." Chamberlain, unable to see how Hitler could be prevented from destroying Czechoslovakia altogether if such were his intention (which Chamberlain doubted), argued that Prague should be urged to make territorial concessions to Germany. According to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in the territory was Hungarian. This week in 1938, Winston Churchill delivered one of the most remarkable speeches of the twentieth century, his condemnation of the Munich Agreement. He attacked a "Europe ready for slavery" writing that "The Czechoslovak people is ready to take up a fight for liberty and transcends its own fate" and "It is too late for the British government to save the peace. Munich Agreement, (September 30, 1938), settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. Mussolini agreed. [21] General Alfred Jodl noted in his diary that the partial Czechoslovak mobilization of 21 May had led Hitler to issue a new order for Operation Green on 30 May and that it was accompanied by a covering letter from Wilhelm Keitel that stated that the plan must be implemented by 1 October at the very latest. Hitler agreed to take no military action without further discussion, and Chamberlain agreed to try to persuade his cabinet and the French to accept the results of a plebiscite in the Sudetenland. or. The Czechoslovaks were relying on military assistance from France, with which they had an alliance. Kerry had himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in Syria by saying, "This is our Munich moment. We help professional experts in the private sector to develop a high level of knowledge . This plan would only work if Britain issued a strong warning and a letter to the effect that they would fight to preserve Czechoslovakia. In my letter of the 18th July, 1941, I informed your Excellency that the King had decided to accredit an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Dr. Bene as President of the Czecho-Slovak Republic. On his return to Paris, Daladier, who had expected a hostile crowd, was acclaimed. On September 30, 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain disembarked from his plane at Heston Aerodrome after returning to Britain from Munich. Observe its parts. During the 1940 Battle of France, roughly 25% of all German weapons came from the protectorate. On September 22 Chamberlain again flew to Germany and met Hitler at Bad Godesberg, where he was dismayed to learn that Hitler had stiffened his demands: he now wanted the Sudetenland occupied by the German army and the Czechoslovaks evacuated from the area by September 28. Italian cartoon depicting the German Kaiser as 'The Glutton' trying to eat the world, 1915 (colour litho) Artist Italian School, (20th century) / Italian Location Private Collection Medium colour lithograph Date 1915 AD (C20th AD) [90], In his postwar memoirs, Churchill, an opponent of appeasement, lumped Poland and Hungary, both of which subsequently annexed parts of Czechoslovakia containing Poles and Hungarians, with Germany as "vultures upon the carcass of Czechoslovakia. The Munich Agreement was an astonishingly successful strategy for the Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) in the months leading up to World War II. Accordingly, the proposed removal of Hitler did not go ahead. Cartoonist: Simon Ellinas. However, these proposals and statements did not elicit any reaction from British and French governments that were bent on averting war by appeasing Germany. (Chamberlain's reference to Disraeli's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878)[118][119], Winston Churchill, denouncing the Agreement in the House of Commons on 5 October 1938,[120] declared. Source Analysis; Age Group. Updates? They all agreed something had to be done to prevent certain disaster. Categories: Pubs/Bars Women. Then, on 1 October, Czechoslovakia also accepted Polish territorial demands. [31], On September 27, 1938, when negotiations between Hitler and Chamberlain were strained, Chamberlain addressed the British people, saying, in particular: "How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing. Hitler did not reply. Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. Administratively the annexed area was divided between Frysztat County and Cieszyn County. [69] On the next day Bene send a letter to Polish president Ignacy Mocicki with a promise of "border's rectification", but the letter was delivered only on 26 September. President Bene of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1939. On 24 April, the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia that was known as the Karlsbader Programm. [32], On 20 September, German opponents within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime. Shirer believed that Britain and France had enough air defences to avoid serious bombing of London and Paris and could have pursued a rapid and successful war against Germany. Hitler as 'conductor' of European dictators Thus, for example, he brushed aside Mr Dalton's criticism of the effect. [89] After the war, Churchill's history of the period, The Gathering Storm (1948), asserted that Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler at Munich had been wrong and recorded Churchill's prewar warnings of Hitler's plan of aggression and the folly of Britain's persisting with disarmament after Germany had achieved air parity with Britain. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Yoav J. Tenembaum is a lecturer at the Diplomacy Studies Program, Tel Aviv University. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. "[65] Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of French military leaders and civilian officials regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation, and still traumatized by France's bloodbath in World War I, which he had personally witnessed, Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way. [17], On 20 May, Hitler presented his generals with a draft plan of attack on Czechoslovakia that was codenamed Operation Green. appeasement cartoon analysis. New York: Enigma Books, 2008. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGilbertGott1967 (, Susan Bindoff Butterworth, Daladier and the Munich crisis: A reappraisal. (4) The organization was sheltered, trained and equipped by German authorities and conducted cross-border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory. On the one hand, Munich at that time was considered to be the capital of German letters, not Vienna, not Berlin, but Munich, and it was a very cultural center at that time. In reaction, the United Kingdom and France on 20 September formally asked Czechoslovakia to cede its Sudetenland territory to Germany, which was followed by Polish territorial demands brought on 21 September and Hungarian on 22 September. England has been offered a choice between war and shame. Hitlers and Mussolini's Postures are confident showing they are prepared. The phrase "Munich Betrayal" (Mnichovsk zrada; Mnchovsk zrada) is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France proved useless. It was set to finally wrap up all tensions and "assure the peace of Europe." The Munich Agreement: The Actual Beginning of World War II Map Showing Czechoslovakia's Location in Central Europe, Library of Congress In Low's illustration, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia are ironically not invited to the conference. [66], Poland was building up a secret Polish organization in the area of Zaolzie from 1935. [31] Hitler also expressed concern to Chamberlain about what he perceived as British "threats. Of a total 227 tons of gold found after the war in salt mines, only 18.4 tons were returned to Czechoslovakia in 1982, but most of it came from Czechoslovakia. For instance, several retired politicians well known not only for . ", Irena Bogoczov, Jana Raclavska. The following day, Carpatho-Ukraine proclaimed independence as well, but after three days, it was completely occupied and annexed by Hungary. Use academic language. At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938. The Munich Agreement became a byword for the futility of appeasing expansionist totalitarian states, although it did buy time for the Allies to increase their military preparedness. "[88], As the threats of Germany and of a European war became more evident, opinions on the agreement became more hostile. [34] Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last meeting on the 15th, Czechoslovakia's actions, which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans, had made the situation unbearable for Germany. The West Should Not Repeat A Second 'Munich Agreement' With Russia; To Appease Putin Would Mean The Collapse Of The Modern International System. [24] On 20 July, Bonnet told the Czechoslovak ambassador in Paris that while France would declare its support in public to help the Czechoslovak negotiations, it was not prepared to go to war over Sudetenland. and CASL agreement. [48], The Czechoslovaks were dismayed with the Munich settlement. [28] He accused Bene of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which, if war broke out, would result in Bene forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany. This British cartoon from October 1938 (by Low, who hated Nazi Germany) shows Hitler as Santa, popping into his sack, one-by-one, little countries - who had got into bed with the . However, the Polish government indicated multiple times (in March 1936 and May, June and August 1938) that it was prepared to fight Germany if the French decided to help Czechoslovakia: "Beck's proposal to Bonnet, his statements to Ambassador Drexel Biddle, and the statement noted by Vansittart, show that the Polish foreign minister was, indeed, prepared to carry out a radical change of policy if the Western powers decided on war with Germany. [75] British cartoon, 1938. On 30 November 1938 Czechoslovakia ceded to Poland small patches of land in Spi and Orava regions. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. Images. [34] Chamberlain was shaken by this statement. Solution was rejected by both Czechoslovakia and opponents of it in Britain and Russia: the Move to war... 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Work if Britain issued a strong warning and a letter to the previously... Not only for Hermann Frank, SS and Police General and Secretary of in...
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