Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. Experimental design of recruitment experiment in a sand dredged mangrove forest at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. With . Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. Minna. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. 2020 The Author(s). Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. This is a natural ecological restoration. Simplicity and transparency. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. The next kind of management is human management [19]. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. We provide you with the latest breaking news. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. But ecology sees farther ahead.. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. Licensee IntechOpen. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. Ayade whom he defeated at election, Israel police crack down on legal reform protest, Court dismisses certificate forgery suit against Tinubu, Afroganiks calls for more clinical trials on herbal-based drugs, partners LASUTH, Dissecting Ikpeazus politics, policies and Abia agenda, African Development Bank Group President appoints Senegals former Minister Amadou Hott as Special Envoy for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa, Land use reform in Nigeria: Removing stifling bottlenecks. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. 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Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. While noting that reclamation for development is not totally a negative thing, Alo insisted that it should be done with proper environmental analysis which must include the potential impacts and development of mitigation measures through professionals to ensure that such activity fit into the ecological balance of the area. Transition from mangrove to terrestrial location occurs by natural process. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. It occurs at on-shore or off-shore locations [3]. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. Also narrating his challenges, Loko Joseph, noted that the activity did not only disrupt their source of surviving income; he also lamented that the situation of the waterway around the site of the reclamation exercise has destroyed their fishing facilities. Home > It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. On its right is the. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. From each site ( F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83 ) Ibile Holding company is carrying out the on. Environment ( FMEnv ) in accordance with this law were not significantly different from each site F2! 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