Numerous explanations were considered. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. 24 October 2009. The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. Terms of Use Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . Has data issue: true But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. To these points may be added the fact that the British garrison in Bengal had been reduced at this time to 23,000 men because of troop withdrawals for the Crimean and Persian wars. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. The events of 1857 have been considered the first outbreak of an independence movement against British rule. From the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhis court: I did hear of the circumstance. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. A. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. All Indian villages had one, and it was these men, running between their homes and the nearest neighboring settlement with chapatis, who so effectively raised panic among the ruling British. [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. #Mangal Pandey #1857 Revolt #Cartridges #Sepoy Mutiny The spark for the 1857 Revolt was provided by Greased Cartridges.Why Greased Cartridges triggered the R. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Yet discreet inquiries soon revealed that many hundreds of chapatis were passing through his district, and through other parts of India as welleverywhere from the Narmada river in the south to the border with Nepal several hundred miles to the north. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. By the time of the chupatty movement, no more than a handful of aged India hands could remember such long-ago events as the Vellore Mutiny. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutinynot least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur. https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014 (accessed March 1, 2023). The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. And where had the chowkidar got them? ThoughtCo. In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. But the back of the rebellion had been broken and time gained for reinforcements to restore British superiority. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles . The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. [5], Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. There was thus a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. Economically and socially, there had been much dislocation in the landholding class all over northern and western India as a result of British land-revenue settlements, setting group against group. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. To save content items to your account, [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. [20], In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. The Indian garrison at Delhi joined them, and by the next nightfall they had secured the city and Mughal fort, proclaiming the aged titular Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II, as their leader. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). Cookie Policy In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. was the rumour that the newly issued rie cartridges would be greased either with tallow, derived from beef and thereby oensive to Hindus, or lard, derived from pork and thereby oensive to Muslims. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? The . [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Advertising Notice Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. } As mutineers were captured, they were often killed on the spot, and many were executed in dramatic fashion. The Indian papers are full of surmises as to what it means. Mike Dash Published online by Cambridge University Press: Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit lying on his desk. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. It came as a greater shock than the loss of the American colonies, and prompted reprisals far more hysterical and vicious than those visited on rebellious subjects elsewhere in the Empire. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. Post this, India was directly ruled by the British government through representatives known as Governor-General. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. The Siege of Delhi. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. The restoration of peace was hindered by British cries for vengeance, often leading to indiscriminate reprisals. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honors in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule. These are deep waters that we trawl in, and dangerous ones, too. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. Setting out from Allahabad, Sir Henry Havelock fought through Kanpur to the Lucknow residency on September 25, where he was besieged in turn. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, 20 Facts About the Life of Mahatma Gandhi, independence movement against British rule. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[25]. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. Nationalist historians have seen in it the first Indian war of independence. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." Then enter the name part Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. Its cartridges consisted of a .577 inch ball projectile and a charge of gun powder propellant wrapped in waterproofed cartridge paper. The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus, while pigs were considered unclean (Haram) by Muslims. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. McNamara, Robert. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown. 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