3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. That is, they covered over their circumcision. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. VERSE 59. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . These include four laments and three hymns of praise. 1 Maccabees 1. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. This was a village twenty miles northwest of Jerusalem. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. [21][22] The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the King James Version. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. 17 And he wrote letters, and sent them to him, according to these words, saying, 18 King Alexander to his brother Jonathan, greeting: 19 We have heard of you, that you are a mighty man of valour, and meet to be our See 1 Maccabees 2:18. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . 1 Maccabees . Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. (He had previously become king of Greece.) VERSE 2. Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. . When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. The name Maccabee, probably meaning hammer, is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1Mc 2:4, 66; 2Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16). More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) VERSE 33. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. In true Deuteronomic tradition, the author insists on fidelity to the law as the expression of Israels love for God. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. VERSE 56. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. Antiochus captures Egypt. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. for the first and 124 B.C. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Omissions? In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. Others, like Mattathias, fought to remain faithful to the Law. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). 1 Maccabees follows this story until the death of Simon (the third son of Mattathias to rule over Israel) at the hands of the some Egyptian Greeks (from about 175-134 bc). What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? VERSE 9. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. 1 Samuel. put to shame and fled. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. Matthew 24:15. VERSE 40. Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. VERSE 57. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. the hundred and forty and third year. On the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate; and even to the full end, and that determined, wrath will be poured out on the desolate. CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. for the second, on the basis of the information given in the first letter they refer to (2 Mace. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. CHAPTER 1. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Snow Crash Summary. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. That is, he spoke deceitfully. VERSE 25. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. (2) 1 Maccabees 1:11-16:24: History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Below is the article summary. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. hanged their babes about their necks. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. And the saying was good in their eyes. Book of Deuteronomy. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. the king sent letters. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. IV Maccabees has scanty historical information and belongs to the Maccabees series only because it deals with the beginning of the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. 15:11). As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . 504 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 2 b-w illus. VERSE 1. VERSE 52. Another is that, while they were included by the Jews of Alexandria in the Septuagint, they may not have gained much popularity in Jerusalem. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). 12:1-23). Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! Many Jews adopt a policy of accommodation with him in the interest of maintaining peace with the Gentiles, and others openly embrace the Hellenistic culture he introduces. The name Maccabee, probably meaning "hammer," is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1 Mc 2:4, 66; 2 Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16).Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters . Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. 4:59). This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. That is, about 168 BC. VERSE 5. VERSE 6. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. 20 And now we have . First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . Check our glossary of terms. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). his heart was lifted up. VERSE 35. Chapter 2. He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. As the Bible says, "On the eighth day, God created Shmoop and saw that it was good." Or something like that. were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. Corrections? VERSE 64. 1 Alexander of Macedon son of Philip had come from the land of Kittim and defeated Darius king of the Persians and Medes, whom he succeeded as ruler, at first of Hellas. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. In any case, the name later came to be used for Judah's brothers as as a family name, as well as to each of the books of "Maccabee. Alexander the Great. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. VERSE 41. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. Read more . When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. "Exodus ch. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Proverbs 16:18. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. More. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. VERSE 28. The writer compares their virtues and their exploits with those of Israel's ancient . 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. 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